Psychology Vocab Essay

anal stage the stage at which children advocate erotic pleasure with the riddance sour Archetype an inherited idea, based on the experiences of ones ancestors, which shapes ones perception of the serviceman Altered states of informedness conscious level, preconscious level, and unconscious mind level Amnesia a loss of memory that may occur after a blow to the head or as a government issue of principal damage Biofeedback the figure out of learning to lead bodily states with the help of implements monitoring the states to be controlled Bipolar a unhinge in which a psyches mood inappropriately alternates mingled with feelings of mania and depression Client centered therapy an approach amazeed by Carl Rogers that reflects the belief that the client and therapist be commenceners in therapy Conditioning a type of learning that involves excitant repartee connections in which the response is qualified to the comment Central nervous system Spinal cord and the brainClassi cal conditioning a learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a indifferent stimulus Collective unconscious the part of the mind that inherited instincts, urges, and memories commonplace to all the great unwashed Consciousness an somebodys state of awareness, including a persons feelings, sensations, ideas, and perceptions Compulsion an apparently irresistible urge to absorb an arrange or engage in ritualistic behavior such(prenominal) as hand washing Cross- sectional film investigate regularity in which data is collected from groups of participants of different ages and compares so that conclusions can be drawn about differences due to age CS (Conditioned stimulus) a once neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of learn in which it has been paired with an innumerable stimulus CR ( lettered response) a response by the conditioned stimulusit is similar to the unconditioned response, still not identical in magnitude o r measuring rod Defense mechanism Certain circumstantial means by which the self unconsciously protects itself once against unpleasant impulses or circumstances Dissociative identity indisposition (multiple temper) a person exhibits two or more than record states, separately with its sustain patterns of thinking and behaving Dependent shifting changes in relation to the autarkic variable Discrimination the ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli.2. The unequal treatment of individuals on the footing of their race, ethnic group, age, gender, or membership in some other category rather than on the basis of individual characteristics Depression a psychological disorder characterized by native sadness, an inability to concentrate, and feelings of helplessness and dejection Superego the part of the personality that is the source of conscience and contracts the socially undesirable impulses of the id Dopamine Involved in learning, emotional, arousal, and movement representational memory the ability to remember with great accuracy visual knowledge on the basis of short term exposure Extinction in classical conditioning, the gradual disappearance of a conditional response because the reenforcement is withheld or because the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus internal secretion system a chemical communication system using hormones, by which messages are sent through the blood stream, EEG (electroencephalograph) a machine used to record the electoral activity of large portions of the brain outgoing an outgoing, active person who directs his or her energies and interests toward other masses and things Electroshock therapy to a fault called (ECT), an electrical shock is sent through the brain to try to s drive symptoms of genial disturbance ego the part of the personality that is in sense of touch with reality and strives to meet the demands of the id and the superego in socially acceptable ways assoil association a Freudian technique used to examine the unconscious the patients instructed to say whatever comes into his or her mind Formal operationsthe person is able to solve abstract problems Fixed ratio schedule a pattern of reinforcement in which a specific number of oercompensate responses is required before reinforcement can be obtained Fixed time interval schedule a pattern of reinforcement in which a specific amount of time must die before a response go forth elicit reinforcement Functional fixedness a mental set characterized by the inability to imagine new functions for familiar objects genital Stage Freuds fifth and final psychosexual stage during which an individuals sexual satisfaction depends as much on vainglorious pleasure as on receiving it Hypothalamus regulates the autonomic nervous systemHallucinations perceptions that have no direct external cause Hypothesis an assumption or prediction about behavior that is runneled through scient ific research Identity crisis A period of inner affair during which adolescents worry intensely about who they are Id in psychoanalytic theory, that part of the unconscious personality that contains our needs, drives, and instincts, as well as repressed material Independent variable experimenters change or alter so they can observe its personal effects Imprinting inherited tendencies or responses that are displayed by newborn animals when they assume new stimuli in their environment Introert a reserved, withdrawn person who is more preoccupied with his or her inner thoughts and feelings than in what is going on around him or her Imitation The third way of learning reaction time Stage the fourth stage of Freuds psychosexual instruction at which sexual relys are pushed into the background and the child wrenchs involved in exploring the world and learning new skills Long term memory the storage of knowledge over extended periods of time Longitudinal study research regularity in which data is collected about a group of participants over a number of years to assess how certain characteristics change or remain the same during development Lithium carbonate a chemical used to counteract mood swings of bipolar disorder Maturation the internally programmed growth of a childMeditation the focusing of attention to set down ones mind and produce relaxation Modeling the process of learning behavior through observation and imitation of others Mnemonic devices techniques of memorizing learning by forming vivid associations or images, which facilitate recall and decrease forgetting ostracize reinforcement increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs Neurosis angiotensin-converting enzyme of the most unremarkably used diagnostic distinctions Oral Stage Freuds first stage of psychosexual development, in which infants familiar spirit erotic pleasure with the mouth Object permanence Childs realizatio n that an object exists even when he or she cannot see or touch it Operant conditioning a form of learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in synonymous increases or decreases in the likelihood that similar actions will occur againObsession a recurring thought or image that seems to be beyond control OCD (obsessive compulsive disorder) an anxiety disorder consisting of obsessions and compulsions Oedipus complex seems more like a literary conceit that a thesis sacred of a scientifically minded psychologist Psychosexual stages 1. Oral stage, 2.anal stage, 3.phallic stage, 4.latancy stage, 5.ganital stage Psychosocial stages 1. aver vs. mistrust, 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt, 3.initiative vs. guilt, 4. Industry vs. inferiority, 5. Identity vs. role confusion, 6. Intimacy vs. isolation, 7. Generativity vs. stagnation, 8. Ego integrity vs. Despair Pre-operational stage emerges when the child begins to use mental images symbols to date things Pituitar y gland master glandPsychosis One of the most commonly used diagnostic distinctions Projective test an unstructured test of personality in which a person is asked to respond freely, self-aggrandizing his or her own interpretation of various ambiguous stimuli Phallic stage Freuds third psychosexual stage, children associate sexual pleasure with their genitals Psychology the scientific, systematic study of behaviors and mental processes Psychiatry a branch of medicine that deals with mental, emotional, or behavioural disorders Psychotherapy a general term for the application of psychological principles and techniques for all treatment used by therapists to help troubled individuals overcome their problems and disorders irresponsible reinforce a stimulus that increases the likelihood that a response will occur again Psychoanalysis a form of therapy aimed at make patients aware of their unconscious motives so that they can gain control over their behavior and free themselves of sel f-defeating patterns Reliability the ability of a test to give the same results under similar conditions REM sleep a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, a steep level of brain activity, a deep relaxation of the muscles, and dreaming reinforcer schedule an important factor in operant conditioning stochastic type One way to parry a nonrepresentative sample Rorschach inkblot cards 10 cards with inkblot designs and a system for construe responses Self actualization the humanist term for realizing ones ludicrous potential Shaping technique of operant conditioning in which the want behavior is molded by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requiring ever-closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward Short term memory memory that is limited in capacity to about seven items and in duration by the subjugate active rehearsal Spontaneous recovery the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after some time has p assed Selective attention think on only one detail of moreSchizophrenia a group of severe psychotic disorders characterized by confused and disconnected thoughts, emotions, behavior, and perceptions disengagement anxiety whenever the child is suddenly separated from the mother Superego the part of the personality that is the source of conscience and contracts the socially undesirable impulses of the id Sensorimotor the infant uses schemas that in the beginning involve his body and sensations Surrogate mothers substitute mothersTAT (Thematic Apperception Test) This test consists of a series of pictures Thalamus major relay station of the brain Unconscious the part of the mind that holds mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories of which we are unaware but that strongly influences conscious behaviors UCR (Unconditioned response) an organism, automatic or natural reaction to a stimulus UCS (unconditioned stimulus) an event that elicits a certain predictable resp onse without previous training Variable- ratio schedule a pattern of reinforcement in which a specific amount of time must elapse before a response will elicit reinforcement Variable- interval schedule a pattern of reinforcement in which changing amounts of time must elapse before a response will obtain reinforcement harshness the ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measureTheoristsCarl Jung (1875-1961) believed that people try to develop their potential as well as call their instinctual urges. He distinguished between personal unconscious and the collective unconscious Alfred Adler (1870-1937) believed that the driving force in peoples lives is a desire to overcome their feelings of inferiority Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) believed that our conscious experiences are only the tip of the iceberg, that beneath the surface are primitive biological urges that are in conflict with the requirements of society and morality Erick Erickson (1902-1994) believed that the need f or social approval is just as important as a childs sexual and battleful urges Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) tried to base his theory of personality on studies of healthy, creative, self actualizing people who fully utilize their talents and potential rather than on studies of disturbed individuals Carl Rogers (1902-1987) believed that many people suffer from a conflict between what they value in themselves and what they believe that other people value in them John B. Watson 1878-1958) psychology should concern itself only with the observable facts of behavior.Said that all behavior is the result of conditioning and occurs because the appropriate stimulus is present in the environment Ivan Pavlov (1849 -1936) charted another new course for psychological investigation. Demonstrated that a neutral stimulus can cause a formerly unrelated response B.F. mule skinner 1904-1990) introduced the concept of reinforcement. Attempted to repoint how his laboratory techniques might be use to so ciety as a whole Albert Bandura people direct their own behavior by their choice of models. Harry Harlow (1905- 1981) studied the relationship between mother and child in a species closer to humans, the rhesus monkeys Galen identify four personality characteristics called melancholic, sanguine, choleric, and phlegmatic Alfred BinetKaren Horney (1885-1952) stressed the importance of basic anxiety. She believes that if a child is raised in an atmosphere of love and security, that child could avoid Freuds psychosexual parent child conflict b Lawrence Kohlberg His studies show how important being able to see other peoples points of view is to social development in general and to moral development of moral reasoningJean Piaget Discovered that knowledge builds as children grow. Children develop logic and think differently at different ages Lorenz Konrad (1903- 1989) became a pioneer in the field of animal learning. He discovered that baby geese become attached to their mothers in a sudde n, virtually permanent learning process called imprinting Stanley Milgram conducted the most famous investigation of obedience in 1963. wanted to determine whether participants would administer painful shocks to others merely because an authority figure had instructed them to do so James Marcia main contribution is in clarifying the sources and record of the adolescent identity crisis Philip Zimbardo made the Zimbardo experimentSolomon Asch designed what has become a classic experiment to test conformity to pressure from ones peers Hermann Rorschach made the inkblot test Wilhelm Wundt he proposed that psychological experience is smooth of compounds, much like the ones found in chemistry Phillipe Pinel Father of scientific psychiatry Dorothea Dix Chief spokesperson for reform