Case Study Of Toyotas Vehicle Recall Management Essay

Case Study Of Toyotas Vehicle Rec tout ensemble topical anaestheticizesing EssayThis teach centralizees on the jeopardize of infection of temperal damage from a crisis spot get out and uses the Toyota c tout ensemble in crisis as a case study. The study examines Toyotas actions as relates to preserving its genius as more than 8 million of its motor vehicles be draw backed from 2009-2010. In bon ton to do this, Toyotas actions be benchmarked against critical risk factors identify in the Roads to blast accounting leaveed by Cass Business aim for crosstie of Insurance and Risk Managers in Industry and Commerce (AIRMIC).The findings from the case revealed that a serious breakd let in Toyotas culture and a violation of its all the way stated principles of forest and customer-focus were the root causes of its subject area cardal decline. Upon ap labored examination of the Toyota case, we find that the Toyota crisis escalated studyly because the keep play along seemed to grant no plan whatsoever to prepare for a crisis of the order of magnitude it set about and hence failed to protect its composition. The case goes on to highlight conf utilize risk oversight that offer be in somaticd by bloodes, managers and chief operating officers to preserve their genius in crisis situations and avoid common pitfalls that tone down to temperal decline.T fitted of prototypes decision maker summaryThis paper explores the subject of somatic reputation and the risk a crisis situation poses to a unions reputation. The master(prenominal) objective of this study is to take risk management littleons from a crisis situation that can be used by managers and CEOs to avoid reputational decline in similar circum lieus. The paper is structured as a case study that focuses on Toyota go Corporation as it faced the greatest menace to its reputation the recall of its vehicles in 2009. It explores pick out factors that do Toyota vulnerable during t he recall and explores the effects of the recall on Toyotas reputation.In order to determine the underlying risk factors that exacerbated the crisis, Toyota is benchmarked against critical risk factors place in the Roads to Ruin circulate a inquiry report on risk management by Cass Business School for AIRMIC. The report was chosen because it provides a large source of lessons about risk, risk depth psychology and risk management by enlarge oer one vitamin C specific lessons about risk from distinct case studies of companies in reputation-damaging crisis situations.Upon closer examination of the details of the Toyota case, we find that Toyotas reputation was change because the comp both seemed to put on no plan whatsoever to prepare for a crisis of the magnitude it faced and hence failed to protect its reputation. Amongst former(a) reasons for Toyotas reputational decline were these factors management were non communication effectively with stakeholders during the crisis decision devising was centred in Japan where the companionship was head-quartered making the crisis response very slow. We excessively find that Toyota shelved its unified value which do it a symbol for quality in its quest for growth.In order to understand the Toyota crisis, the paper starts off with a brief introduction of Toyota travel Corporation, highlighting its line of descentes and its reputation before the recall crisis. A clockline of the recall is also holdd to provide an over watch of the flow of events during the period under review. Literature on in mergedd reputation, its richness and ownership is reviewed in the second part of this study whilst chapter threesome sets out the methodology employed in this study. Chapter four and five dollar bill represent the crux of this institute examining Toyotas actions in more detail. The research do ends with important recommendations for managers for preserving reputation in a crisis situation.Table of Con ten-s pottsCHAPTER 1 IntroductionGlass, China, and reputation are easily cracked, and neer hale mended. -Benjamin Franklin.A few historic period ago, if we talked about companies with superb reputations, the Japanese cable carmaker Toyota exponent nonplus been mentioned. 2008 in particular was a good year for Toyota Toyota was arguably one of the top brands institutionwide, scoring high points for reliability and product quality on various reputational studies. It was the 6th top brand in the world according to interbrands Top 100 brands in the world list and was super reputed for its reliability, customer-focus, and world-class quality. By the 27th of February, 2009, Toyota had moved up to third office staff on the Worlds Most Admired list, behind unless Apple and Berkshire Hathaway. The company had the coveted AAA rating from Fitch and customers and car-enthusiasts a wish wellhead had come to rival Toyota with quality. Even the companys philosophies, visions and advertising campaigns were unequivocal in stressing its dedication to quality save as Toyota recalled vehicle aft(prenominal) vehicle in 2009, its pristine reputation for quality was badly damaged. Toyota literally drove into a reputational crisis resembling it had never seen before the crisis was exceptionally damaging to the companys reputation as it struck its comprehend core competence safety and quality.Company BackgroundTOYOTA MOTOR flock is a Japan-based company mainly pursue in the automobile and fiscal business. The Company ope pass judgment through three business divisions. The Automobile segment is engaged in the design, manufacture and sale of car products including passenger cars, minivans and trucks, as advantageously as the colligate parts and accessories. The Finance segment is involved in the provision of financial operates related to the sale of the Companys products, as well as the leasing of vehicles and equipment. The Others segment is involved in the design, man ufacture and sale of housings, as well as learning and communication business.For its automotive operations which is the focus of this study- Toyota produces and sells passenger cars, minivans and commercial vehicles, much(prenominal) as trucks. Toyotas vehicles can be sort into two categories conventional engine vehicles and hybrid vehicles. Toyotas product line-up includes sub bundle up and compact cars, mini-vehicles, mid-size, luxury, sports and specialty cars, recreational sport-utility vehicles, pickup trucks, minivans, trucks and buses. The Companys subcompact and compact cars include the four-door Corolla bar and the Yaris.In North the States, Europe and Japan, Toyotas luxury line-up consists primarily of vehicles and early(a) luxury sport-utility vehicles sell under the Lexus brand name. Toyota sport-utility vehicles available in North America also include the Sequoia, the 4Runner, the RAV4, the Highlander, the FJ Cruiser and the Land Cruiser, and pickup trucks avai lable are the Tacoma and Tundra. Toyota also sells the Century limousine in Japan. Toyotas product line-up includes trucks (including vans) up to a gross vehicle weight of five tons and micro-buses, which are sold in Japan and in overseas markets. Trucks and buses are also construct and sold by Hino, a subsidiary of Toyota. Hinos product line-up includes large trucks with a gross vehicle weight of over 11 tons, medium trucks with a gross vehicle weight of between five and 11 tons, and menial trucks with a gross vehicle weight of up to five tons. more than its cars, Toyota is well known for its TOYOTA WAY a set of principles and behaviours that underlie the Toyota Motor Corporations managerial approach and production system. These principles hurt been taught in various business give instructions and adapted in various organisations. The principles are summarised in the figure on a lower taleFigure The Toyota way (Source Hispage TONOway)1.2 The Recall CrisisToyotas recall fiasc o took a contraband turn on the 28th of August 2009 in San Diego, California. check to countersign reports, Mark Saylor and his wife, daughter and brother-in-law (Chris Lastrella) were killed when their Lexus, on loan from a dealer, careened out of understand at more than 100mph, collided with another vehicle, and crashed into a ravine, setting the car ablaze.Figure Inset is a picture of the vehicle after the accident (Source PowayPatch)The familys fast tragedy was captured via a 911 call the fear in the caller Chris Lastrellas instance was apparent as he said there are no brakes we need to pray and finally, their high-pitched screams as the car crashed. everyplace the next six months following this hap, Toyota would issue three separate recalls related to vehicle speed control for over 8 million vehicles be the company hundreds of millions of dollars in sales and immeasurable reputational damage. As the crisis intensified, Toyota became the tar film of perverse media att ention with criticisms coming from various stakeholders for its actions during this period, and for its delay in identifying the fault and recalling the take up vehicles.1.3 TimelineThis section provides a chronological flow of the events leading up to and environ the recall crisis2000 A greet cutting exercise called Construction of apostrophize Competitiveness for the 21st Century is launched by Toyota with the aim of reducing the cost of 180 car parts by 30% and saving $10 billion by 2005.31-12-04 Toyotas vehicles accounted for about 20% of all unintended speedup complaints filed with National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), up from 4 percent in 2000.26-09-07 First floor mat recall in US of 55,000 vehicles to even up possible drivers floor mat causing heavy weapon foot pedal entrapment.28-08-09 Off-duty California Highway Patrol officer Mark Saylor is travel on Highway 125 in Santee, California (northeast of San Diego), with three family members, when the 2009 Lexus ES350 he is driving suddenly accelerates out of control, hits another car, tumbles down an embankment and catches fire. While the car is careening down the highway at speeds estimated to exceed 100 mph, his brother-in-law calls 911 and reports that the car has no brakes. All four are killed in the ensuing crash.14-09-09 Preliminary reports from Toyota and local authorities indicate that the Lexus, which had been on loan from Bob Baker Lexus of San Diego, where Saylors individual(prenominal) Lexus vehicle was being serviced, may have had the wrong floor mats installed, hinder with the atom smasher pedal.29-09-09 Toyota announces it is recalling the floor mats on 4.2 million Toyota and Lexus vehicles.2-10-09 Newly installed Toyota CEO Akio Toyoda publicly apologizes to the Saylor family members killed in the accident and to every customer affected by the recall.30-10-09 Toyota begins move letters to owners notifying them of an unspecified upcoming recall to fix the uni ntended acceleration issue. In the letters Toyota says no defect exists.2-11-09 NHTSA takes the highly unusual graduation of publicly rebuking Toyota, calling a company press release re-iterating the statements made in the 30 October letter to owners inaccurate and misleading, noting that the floor mat recall was an interim measure and that it does not correct the underlying defect. Toyota publicly apologizes.02-11-09 split second floor mat recall in US of 3.8 million Toyota and Lexus vehicles to correct possible drivers floor mat causing accelerator pedal entrapment.25-11-09 indorse recall of 3.8 million vehicles amended to additionally reconfigure accelerator pedal.26-12-09 A Toyota Avalon crashes into a lake in Texas after accelerating out of control. All four occupants die. Floor mats are ruled out as a cause because they are pay in the trunk of the car.21-01-10 Toyota recalls another 2.3 million Toyota-brand vehicles because of a problem with the gas pedal. Toyota says a r are set of conditions which may cause the accelerator pedal to become harder to depress, slower to return or, in the worst case, stuck in a partially depressed position. The company says the hot recall is unrelated to the floor mat recall, save also announces 1.7 million Toyota vehicles would be affected by two recalls.26-Jan-10 Toyota stops selling eight models in the US after being sanctioned by the NHTSA to halt selling vehicles with acknowledged defects. Toyota does not say wherefore it has waited five days to stop sales after announcing the recall.29-Jan-10 Recall extended to 1.8 million Toyotas in Europe and China.02-Feb-10 U.S. Transportation escritoire Ray LaHood sharply criticizes Toyotas response to the accelerator pedal concerns, telling the Associated press that Toyota may be a little safety deaf and that mend Toyota is taking responsible action now, it unfortunately took an enormous effort to get to this point.09-Feb-10 Recall of 437,000 Prius vehicles and other h ybrid vehicles worldwide to correct possible untimely hybrid anti-lock brake software23-Feb-10 Public hearings of various committees of the U.S. House of legate regarding the Toyota safety issue. At the hearing, Toyoda publicly apologizes before Congress and pledges renewed commitment to quality and safety from Toyota.24-Feb-10 Akio Toyoda, president and CEO of Toyota, issues the following statement at the congressional hearingToyota has, for the past few years, been expanding its business rapidly. Quite frankly, I fear the pace at which we have grown may have been too quick. I would like to point out here that Toyotas precession has traditionally been the following First Safety, Second Quality, and Third Volume. These introductoryities became confused, and we were not able to stop, cerebrate, and make improvements as much as we were able to before, and our basic stance to listen to customers voices to make improve products has weakened somewhat. We pursued growth over the spee d at which we were able to develop our flock and our organization, and we should sincerely be mindful of that. I regret that this has headed in the safety issues described in the recalls we face today, and I am deeply sorry for any accidents that Toyota drivers have experienced. Especially, I would like to extend my condolences to the members of the Saylor family, for the accident in San Diego. I would like to send my prayers again, and I will do everything in my power to fasten that such a tragedy never happens again.1.4 Aims and ObjectivesThe Toyota case study is an perceptive one as it involves the review of management response in a crisis situation that involved major loss of lives and regulatory action. By instruction on Toyotas management response, the aim of this study is to provide useful recommendations for preserving corporate reputation in a crisis situation. The body of work will focus on Toyotas response, its crisis management and the effect of the crisis on the c ompanys reputation. In so doing, the author aims to extract essential risk management lessons from the case.The objectives of this study are toTrace the underlying cause of the crisis using the risk factors identified in the Roads to Ruin Report by Cass Business School for AIRMIC.Evaluate the tinge of the incident on the ratings, profitability and reputation of the company.Evaluate the actions of the CEO, highlighting what he did well and what he did not do so well.Outline the main consequences of the crisis for handleholders and other stakeholdersOutline the key risk management lessons to be learnt.Every reputational crisis is different and there is no panacea for a reputational crisis but this research work seeks to provide a worthful tool for protecting and managing reputational risk when a crisis occurs.In order to fulfil the objectives listed above, the following research movements will be answeredWhat made Toyota particularly vulnerable during the recall crisis?How did the recall crisis and its ensuing consequences affect the financial position and reputation of the company?How was the recall handled?How could it have been better handled?What lessons can be learnt such that a future crisis is managed better?What was the impact of failing to meet its stakeholders expectations on Toyotas reputation?CHAPTER 2 Literature review articleO wad some Power the giftie gie usTo see oursels as ithers see usIt wad frae monie a blunder free us,An misguided notionRobert BurnsEvery individual, every company, every organisation be it a large multi-national or a small food booth by the corner- have one thing in common a reputation. Over time, every contact, every media mention, every rumour, every leak, every moment of gossip (whether true or not) will play its part in forming an overall impression of an organisations standing. This built up reputation not only has a signifi monger impact on share price but also influences the strength of the brand and determines its competitive advantage amongst its peers. As top Margaritis puts it a tender corporate reputation is a life life preserver in a crisis and a tailwind when you have an opportunity2.1 Corporate news report An OverviewIn recent years, the idea of reputation as a strong business asset has received increase recognition in management literature. Series of publications have appeared dealing with the wins of positive corporate reputations, risks to reputation, and reputational risk management. This increased interest grew out of a realization that an organizations reputation is a major determinant for its short run and long run success and first derivative advantage in any business environment. gain groundmore, the last decade has seen numerous of the worlds to the highest degree respect companies descend from their once lofty positions. In light of all these, it is not a surprise that corporate reputation has started to character prominently on Swiss Res and Aons study of the top ten risks identified by corporate executives. This emphasises the point that management and other stakeholders have started to see the importance of corporate reputation and the various factors that make up the reputation of their self-coloured.Fomburn (1996) defines reputation as the overall estimation in which a company is held by its constituents which can be formed based on the net perception of a companys ability to meet the expectation of all its stakeholders. This perception will usually be based on both the organisations actions and inactions such that everything an organisation does, and does not do, has a place impact on their reputation Dolphin (2004). Other authors, such as Bromley (2001) emphasize the differing constitution of reputation and describe reputation as the distribution of opinions about a person or organisationA more balanced view of corporate reputation according to (Warwick, 1992) is the view that corporate reputation is in itself an aggregate evalu ation made by stakeholders of how well a company is meeting stakeholders expectations based on its past behaviour. (Atkins, et al., 2006), also address corporate reputation and reputational risk from this perspective and define reputational risk as the threat to a companys reputation resulting from a failure to meet stakeholders reasonable expectations of an organisations accomplishment or behaviour. Corporate reputation should (also) be numbered in terms of its historical context, i.e. a corporations track record. A companys standing in the community and in the marketplace all help shape its reputation Fomburn (1996).A reputation is much more than brand image, and includes factors such as trust in the organisations integrity and how it will conduct itself in the future, both at the corporate level and through the actions of its management and staff. . (Atkins, et al., 2006). It is also an important form of corporate capital that determines to a large extent the companys worth, q uite simply, it is an index of a companys worth or value (Bromley, 2000). In determining corporate value, closely authors have come to agree that a reputation is an indicator of a companys future performance. A favourable reputation is powerful enough to allure the undecided to choose a certain product or service and dissuade existing customers from moving to a competitor whereas a damaged reputation can be irreparable and in extreme cases, lead to a companys down fall (ORourke, 2004). In order to build a favourable reputation, four attributes need to be developed credibility, trustworthiness, reliability and responsibility. written report is in itself intangible, untouchable and most clock immeasurable. disposition often cant be quantified, compared against hard benchmarks or analysed in the same way as financial or other numerical data. Its management requires softer skills such as fathom judgement, an ability to anticipate future trends and requirements, understand stakehold er concerns, listen carefully, consider dispassionately and respond constructively. (Rayner, 2003). A good corporate reputation can take many long years to build it can be destroyed in an instant through an ill-considered off-the-record remark, a sink in personal behaviour, an ethical blunder in the supply chemical chain or an inadequate response to a crisis. In the words of rabbit warren Buffet who is considered the most successful investor of the 20th century it takes twenty dollar bill years to build a reputation and five minutes to destroy it.An welkin where authors share different views is as regards ownership of reputational risk. The first inform of suasion argues that one person or a group of people be appointed with the sole responsibility of preserving the companys reputation. It is probably due to the inefficiencies of some CEOs over the years in safeguarding reputation that some authors argue that a reputation officer or a reputation department be charged with the responsibility of use and sustaining the corporate reputation. Others have criticised this view for various reasons, the main one been that, appointing a chief reputational office tends to remove the alertness of the importance of safeguarding corporate reputation from the Board of Directors and other top executives.Another school of thought is the one which states that every member of the organisation is responsible/ responsible for the corporate reputation. As good as this argument mightiness sound (it does make some sense for everyone in the organisation to be aware of binding the organisations good name), the loophole is in the danger that this leaves the accountability for corporate reputation as everyones task which in most times equals no ones task.The third school of thought argues that the responsibility for corporate reputation should rest on the CEO. According to this school, various studies have shown that CEOs understand the importance of a good reputation and hence should safeguard it. However, studies have also shown that few CEOs put any structure in place to safeguard the reputational asset of the organisation. It is disappointing to railway line that many CEOs who are supposed to be the custodians of the companys reputation have truly been the villains responsible for tarnishing the companys reputation. (This was certainly the case with AIGs Hank Greenberg).One important reason why CEOs should be responsible for reputational risk rests on the fact that when people think of a company, they are usually thinking of the CEO, with his actions/inactions invariably contributing to the reputation of the organisation. As Dr Leslie Gaines-Row pointed out in an interview, failure to maintain a good reputation should rest squarely on the shoulders of the CEO because in her own wordsCEOs increasingly find themselves in the spotlight during crises and are without question a strategic player in reputation recovery. Their success in managing reputation al difficulties is one of the determining factors in whether stakeholders retain confidence in the company and believe that reputation will eventually be restored. For this reason, failure to maintain a good reputation rests squarely on the CEOs shoulders. (Studies show) that nearly 60 percent of the blame is attributed to the CEO when crisis strikes. As the companys public face during times of crisis, and the companys chief reputation officer, the CEO should remain visible, and communicate honestly, transparently and proactively. CEOs moldiness also present themselves to stakeholders, whether it is customers, financial analysts or employees, consistently with the companys vision, code of conduct and values. By taking responsibility, acting quickly and compassionately, listening carefully, and establishing clear priorities, the CEO can set an example for reputation recovery for the entire organization.Reputation is the most important asset entrusted to a CEO (Schreiber, 2011). Not all CEOs recognize that, but a growing number do. In a 2009 global study, AON Insurance asked 551 CEOs to rank the relative importance of 31 risk factors. Reputation was ranked No. 6. In past AON studies before the latest financial crisis, reputation was the top-ranked CEO risk factor. But, what is troubling is that two-thirds of the respondents had no testis reputation risk plan in place, and that figure has not changed substantially.2.2 effect of a Favourable Corporate ReputationStrong reputations act as cushions in case of a crisis and have the ability to protect a company from harm caused by a crisis. A favourable prior reputation protects the organisations reputation during a crisis in two aspects it gives the organisation the benefit of doubt, which means that if a consumer holds a general favourable view of the company, the consumer might assign the company less crisis responsibility which in turn result in less reputational damage from the crisis secondly, it acts as a sh ield, which serves as a part of the larger psychological phenomenon of expectancy confirmation, emphasizing that stakeholders will focus on the positive aspects of the organisation and ignore the recent negative information created by the crisis (Coombs and Holladay). In these ways, a good prior reputation sensed by consumers has the potential to reduce attributed crisis responsibility and dismiss the impact of the crisis. Strong, fiducial reputations will usually always mean greater resilience in crisis situations. The occasional lapse of a reputationally strong company is likely to be regarded as a one-off aberration, because it has a solid track record and its values and business ethos are clearly understood the reaction will most probably be a shrug and a thats not like them rather than a there they go again (Rayner, 2003).A classifiable case is that of oil companies who were ranked rather low in public opinion. In cases where oil companies have faced major crisis, consumers have been less sympathetic with these corporate group. The BP case and the Exxon Vladez case are typical examples. A study in the late 1990s of the performance of US companies during the 1987 straining market crash found out that the shares of the ten most admired companies dropped less and recovered faster, while the shares of the ten least admired companies plunged three times as far a very strong indication that having a good corporate reputation can pay real dividends.Various authors have identified several benefits of a good corporate reputation(Atkins, et al., 2006) state that a good reputation is highly valuable and can benefit a company enormously. Potentially, it can result inBanks being willing to supply loans on more favourable rates and termsGood employees being attracted to work for the organisation, and their services being holdInvestors being more likely to place their capital in the firmImprovement in salesMaintenance and enhancement of market sharePublic percept ion of the organisation as an asset to the society in which it operates(John Croft, 2003), identify similar benefitsSecuring profits and future cash flowsAttracting new business partnersSecuring investmentAttracting new customers word-of-mouthInuencing political and legal personal mattersHuman capital retaining good staff and attracting the best employeesAllowing easier entry to new markets and brand extensionsEnabling successful mergers and acquisitionsHelping to reinforce relationships with suppliers and distributors and other command stakeholdersEnhancing relationships with NGOs or corporate activists that potentially could be aligned against you2.3 Area of Further ResearchOne area of interest for future research work identified while carrying out this research work is on handling reputation risks from social networking sites and other online media sources the so called blade 2.0. Web 2.0 allows users to move and collaborate with each other in a social media communion and the mediums include social media sites like Facebook, blogs, twitter and other mediums which allow people to freely air their opinions. This area is important because in recent times, a lot of companies have had their reputation damaged through web 2.0 mediums. What makes web 2.0 dangerous is that response time is very limited the most time an organisation has to squelch rumours or avoid a reputational disaster is 24 hours. It would be immensely helpful if further research is done into aid companies and various organisations cope with the risks from these mediums.CHAPTER 3 Data Collection and Research methodology3.1 Data CollectionData has been collected from a wide blow of secondary sources newspaper articles, academic journals and online resources. This study was also based on documents from five categories of media (i) print newspapers, (ii) online editions of print newspapers, (iii) the Associated Press newswire, (iv) Blogs, and (v) Internet forums.3.2 MethodologyThe researc h is tailored as a case study. This method gives a multi-perspective approach, incorporating the views of direct stakeholders, indirect stakeholders and the interactions between these two groups.This case study will be based mainly on secondary data. The paper will comprise the collection of secondary data from a broad variety of sources such as business academic journals, books, reports, newspapers and internet articles on the Toyota vehicle recall crisis. All information will be taken from the public battleground and the author has put into consideration the possibility of errors in press reports and other sources.The research will use various underlying risk classifications identified in the Roads to Ruin report by Cass Business School for AIRMIC to trace the underlying cause of the crisis. The Roads to Ruin report is a highly valuable guide for this research as it investigates the origins and impacts of over twenty major corporate crises of the last decade. The report was chose n because it provides a rich source of lessons about risk, risk analysis and risk management detailing over one hundred specific lessons about risk. This will be particularly helpful as I develop my recommendations on this subject. A crisis communication framework developed by (Lukaszewski, January/February 1999) would also be used to analyse Toyotas crisis response.CHAPTER 4 Review of the Recall CrisisIn this chapter, the author shall in line with the research objectives, test the effectiveness of Toyotas reputational risk response to seven key risk areas identified in the Roads to Ruin report and in so doing trace the deeper cause of the crisis.According to the report, these key risks areas includeBoard skill and Non-Executive Directors (NED) control risks -risks ar

Important Role In Job Design Management

measurable Role In military control Design ManagementThe topic which I film for my research is the impact of pipeline enrichment and ebullition on employee want and achieveance. I in play to find the factors which play an essential role in caper name which is constituted of air enrichment and capriole executioning out so that they could best motivate employees and in turn enables them give their best operation. arrangement is the strength of any business. The more than organized and in effect(p) the different components in the business atomic number 18, the get out it functions and produces. Therefore soulal line of credits must be enlarged and enriched guardianship in mind what is best in the interest of an organization. I would equal to mention here what is take a leak enrichment and business organisation blowup. What be their Pros and Cons, and their effectiveness? channel enrichment basic bothy refers to the fantasy of improvement in labor or an an nex with the help of upgrading and development. For recitation if you atomic number 18 a typist by subcontract enrichment you allow for shoot to type and proof read as well. It in like manner markes upon the concept of employee triumph in respect to their position and personalized exploitation potential. chisel enrichment involves organizing and planning in orderto gain more control everywhere their duties and litigate as a manager. The execution of plans and evaluationof results motivates thespians and relieves boredom. rail line explosion on the other hand means adding more duties or increase the workload to the same job. It provides the chance of enhancement and more productivity for employees. For example if you are a typist and you type 20 pages per day by job enlargement you will gather in to type 30 pages per day. cable enlargement is a vehicle employers use to put additional workload on employees, perhaps in eco noneical downtime. By adding or increasing th e responsibilities employees are alike getting a chance of enhancement and more productivity. In literary wrong job enlargement is the expansion of job setting to include a wider mixed bag of tasks and to increase the workers freedom of pace, function for checking choice and discretion for method. Therefore to summarize the major differences between the deuce we keep state that job enrichment, when compared to job enlargement, not lone(prenominal) includes more duties and responsibilities, solely also gives the right of decision making and control. Apart from that job enlargement is horizontal where as job enrichment is vertical expansion of work. But some(prenominal) the forces military control enlargement and job enrichment are useful for motivating workers to make their tasks enthusiastically. It is through job target organizations try to raise productivity levels by offering non monetary rewards much(prenominal)(prenominal) as greater satisfaction. Job enrichment an d job enlargement are such techniques used in job introductioning exercise.Statement of troubleJob foundation is the intentionally planned structuring of work effort performed by an individual. There is increasing evidence that poorly knowing jobs now a days is a persistent social problem affecting the performance of employees.Justification for the topicThe earth I choose this topic was because of the fact to identify factors which play important role in job design so that it could best motivate the employees and in indemnification they give best performance.Scope of studyThe scope of the study is heighten on the impact of job enrichment and job enlargement and how employees respond to it in terms of their performance and how motivated they get.Back ground InformationJob design with the concept of job enrichment and job enlargement came about with fast technological advancements at the turn of the 20th century when mass drudgery and assembly line operations emerged. As job s continue to become more sophisticated and specialized, the need for an educated and motivated custody has become indispensable. The character of work and its organization has interested managers, economists and social scientists for as long as people have been employed by others to engage in creative activity. Managers have largely been interested in maximizing output from acquirable resources. Economists and social scientists have raised questions about the organization of work in relation to issues of the individual and society in general. It is also important for the HR departments of organizations to understand the importance of job design. As Well-designed jobs help to accomplish two important terminals getting the necessary work done in a timely and competent manner, and motivating and challenging employees. jibe to Hackman and Lawler (1971) a job will be motivating and inseparableally besides if it exalted on all five of the core dimensions which are skill, variet y, autonomy, task identify and feedback. It is only then that an employee would perform better than expected.Related definitionsJob designIt refers to the operation of determining exactly what an employee does on the job the tasks, duties, responsibilities, decision-making and the level of authority.Job enrichmentJob enrichment adds rude(a)sourcesofjob satisfactionby increasing the level ofresponsibilityof theemployee. It is also calledjob enhancementorvertical job expansion.Job enlargementJob designtechniquein which the number oftasksassociatedwith ajob is increased and appropriatetrainingprovided to add greater variety toactivities, thus reducing monotony. It is a horizontalrestructuringmethodin that the job is enlarged by adding related tasks. Job enlargement may alsoresultin greaterworkforce flexibility.Job affaireThe degree, to which an employee identifies with his job, actively participates in it, and considers his job performance important to his self-worth.Internal motiva tionLearners are motivated from within by personal needs or wants that are overbearing in nature such as a liking to succeed or love of learning.High team spiritHigh team spirit is a concept that states lavishly emotional or mental spring with respect to cheerfulness and confidence.Job performanceJob performance is a commonly used, yet poorly defined concept in industrial and organizational psychology, the branch of psychology that deals with the workplace. It most commonly refers to whether a person performs their job well. Despite the confusion over how it should be exactly defined, performance is an extremely important criterion that relates to organizational outcomes and success.Problem developmentThe reason why I am conducting this research is to judge the impact of job enrichment and job enlargement on employee performance. As we know that the concepts of job design that include enrichment and enlargement are not widely used in Pakistan, therefore this research will give a proper position on how job enrichment and enlargement impacts employee performance. Secondly because of the fact that whether these concepts of job design will be helpful to motivate employees, increase employee performance and productivity. writings reviewJob design and its approaches are usually considered to have begun with scientific management in the year 1900. Pioneering scientific managers such as Taylor (1947), Gilbreth (1911), and Gilbreth and Gilbreth (1917) systematically examined jobs with various techniques. They suggested that task design might be the most adult element in scientific management.Robert A. Karasek (1971) described some implications of job redesign. He explained that job enrichment and job enlargement helps employees to develop new skills and face new challenges. Job enrichment specially is the major driving force for the employees that motivate them to perform much better. It was also observed that well designed jobs have a coercive impact on empl oyee satisfaction and quality performance. Another important factor stressed upon by Robert A. Karasek was that some employees do not have the motivation that is repetitive to the enriched job. This results in less satisfaction and lower work output.According to Argyris (1964) and Blauner (1964) simple, routine, non challenging often produce dissatisfaction and demoralization of workers. They suggested that for optimal worker motivation tasks should be enlarged rather than simplified. In a no. of different experiments it has been showed job enlargement has a constructive impact on motivation and performance.With respect to the design of individual jobs, the first major conjecture was that of Herzberg and his colleagues (Herzberg 1959). Their two-factor theory distinguished between two types of factors, namely motivators, which are built-in to the work itself (e.g. achievement, recognition, and responsibility), and hygiene factors, which are extrinsic to the work (e.g. work condit ions, pay, and supervision). The trace was that the hygiene factors are absolutely necessary to maintain the human resources of an organization. According to Hertzbergs theory, only a challenging job has the opportunity for achievement, recognition, advancement and appendage that will motivate personnel.According to Hackman and Lawler (1971) a job will be motivating and essentially satisfying only if it is high in all 5 core dimensions. The core dimensions are autonomy, task identity, feedback, variety and skill. It is only then a person finds that performing well leads to important intrinsic rewards such as feeling of heightened self-esteem, personal growth and worth mischief-making accomplishments. Finally it was proposed that only people who have strong desire for higher(prenominal) order need satisfaction will respond to jobs that are high on all core dimensions. That is unless workers value feeling of accomplishment and growth they will be unlikely to respond positively to a job which is structured to provide opportunities for their attainment through hard work. It was found that when jobs were high on all core dimensions employees who were desirous of higher order need satisfaction tended to have high morale, high work motivation, few absences from work and be rated by their supervisors doing high quality work. Thus this theory show a job high on all core dimensions will result in higher motivation and better results in terms of performance.According to Podsakoff (1996) enriched jobs have been found to provide fundamentally satisfying tasks and job enrichment is positively related to a wide variety of employee attitites and performance.As state by potty R. Cook (1997) the objective of good job design is to design jobs which allow people to perform tasks in a safe, efficient and economical manner which facilitate the realization of various organizational goals such as profit and increased production. The goal of job enrichment is to improve employee satisfaction and performance by increasing job scope vertically allowing opportunities for personal achievement, recognition and growth. Job enrichment principles were largely associated with the phenomena that enriching a job is proposed to increase positive work outcomes that is motivation and performance and decrease negative outcomes which included stress and boredom.Problem definitionThe impact of job enrichment and job enlargement on employee motivation and performance.Statement of study objectivesHypothesisH0 Job enrichment does not have a positive impact on employee performance.H1 Job enrichment has a positive impact on employee performance.H0 Job enlargement does not have a positive impact on employee performance.H1 Job enlargement has a positive impact on employee performance. divinatory frameworkJob enrichmentRobert A. Karasek, Jr (1979) J.Lee (2004)Boredom percolateJob dissatisfactionPhysiological distressIntellectual stimulationDiversified workforceEmployee performance Employee motivationInnovationJob enlargementEdward E Lawler (1973), John R cook (1997), J.Lee (2004)More opportunitiesDevelop new skillsHigh moraleHigh work motivationVariable reference listRobert A. Karasek, Jr.(1979) Job Demands, Job Decision Latitude, and Mental Strain Implications for Job plan. Administrative apprehension Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Jun., 1979), pp. 285-308.Edward E Lawler , J Richard Hackman (1973) Effects of Job Redesign A Field Experiment. Journal of utilize Social Psychology, 1973, 3, 1, pp. 49-62.J.Lee Whittington, Viki L Goodwin (2004) Transformational leadership, goal difficulty, and job design Independent and interactive effects of employee outcome. Leadership every quarter 15 (2004) 593-606John R. Cook (1997) Job enrichment and mental workload in computer based work implications for adaptive job design. International journal of industrial Ergonomics 24 (1999) 13-23.Christopher Orpen (2001) Effect of job Enrichment on employee satisfaction, motivation, involvement and performance. A field experiment. Department of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, 1, Jan Smuts Avenue, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa.Michael J. Smith, Pascal C. Sainfort (1989) A balance theory of Job design for stress reduction. Department of industrial Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 U.S.A. Received 17 October 1988accepted 5 January 1989. Available online 27 February 2003.Theoretical justificationAs I have stated earlier that job enrichment and job enlargement are the most important aspects of job design in order to motivate employees so that they give better performance. The variables mentioned in the framework basically represent that why job enrichment and job enlargement is there and what are their implications. All variables are directed towards increasing employee motivation and performance. The framework shows that through job enrichment and job enlargement according to the variables (Boredom, Strain, Job dissatisfaction, Physiological distress, and Intellectual stimulation) a job can be make more interesting with reduced levels of boredom and repetitive movements which will in turn motivate employees to perform exceedingly well than anticipated. Job enrichment also intellectually stimulates employees as think out of the box, thus motivating them towards better performance. Apart from that diversified workforce and innovation are two such variables that are positively related to employee performance. The more diversified and specialized a job the better is the performance as all specialist ar put to work. Lastly through innovation as well employees tend to perform really well.Elements of research designType of research AppliedStudy setting NaturalNature of selective information primary dataUnit of analysis organizationsReference period (Jan- Aprill 2011)Survey research running(a) populationStatement of analytical approach qualitative and quantitative questionnaires if necessary statistical modeli ngLimitationsRespondents biasTime constraints (less sample size)Complete access code to different departments of an organizationReferences usedwww.jstor.comwww.sceincedirect.comwww.google.scholar.comwww.businessdictionary.comhttp//www.allbusiness.com/human-resources/employee-development/100470-1.html

The Introduction Of Chinese Food Cultural Studies Essay

The Introduction Of Chinese solid food Cultural Studies EssayChinese culinary art has a long history, famous all over the world. Chinese cuisine has developed and matured over the centuries, micturateing a rich heathen content It is characterized by fine selection of ingredients, precise processing, p finesseicular plow to the amount of fire, and substantial nourishment. Local savors and snacks, and special dishes have formed accord to regions, local products, climate, historical factors, and eating habits.The development and diversity of the delights of Chinese cuisine argon as well as representative of chinas long history. With from each one dynasty new recipes were created until the art of food preparation reach its peak during the Qing Dynasty (1644 1911). The dinner called Man Han Quan Xi that incorporates all the very best of Man and Han Cuisine is held in high up esteem involving as it does countless dishes, each with its own distinctive flavor and appeal. This v eritable banquet in its preparation and presentation typifies all of the finale and culinary arts that have been perfected over centuries and is a all-around(prenominal) amalgam of taste, instruments, and manners. It withal has their own flavor and appeal in our social groups, which is quite distinctive. chinaw are has local cuisine, imperial dishes, and dishes of ethnic minorities, Islamic dishes with a strong religious flavor and vegetarian dishes. At the beginning China had al wholeness four styles of cuisine.As a sort of tralatitious food in China, wonton originated in North China. It was viewed by ancient Chinese as a sealed stuffed bun without holes and therefore was named Huidun (meaning chaos). It was later called wonton in line with the formation rule of Chinese characters. Wonton has a long history. at that place existed numerous wonton restaurants in cities in the Tang and rime Dynasties. Wonton was featured by clear dope up and delicate medical dressing at tha t time. Its fineness was ever appraised by poets and was hard to achieve by common people. In ancient times, it was a custom in near regions to eat wonton on the midwinter day, which is said to has bearing on a famous doctor Zhang Zhongjing. He ever stuffed wonton with medicinal materials on the midwinter day to cure villagers who suffered frostbite.Wanton mee is very famous in umpteen countries, such as Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and so on. In Hong Kong, wonton noodles are unremarkably served in steaming hot soup with shrimp wontons and garnished with leafy vegetables. There are plenty of variations of this democratic Cantonese dish, with divergent toppings and garnishes. For example the soup and wontons in a separate bowl, the noodles world served relatively dry, with the toppings and garnishes, dressed with sauce, dipping the noodles in the soup to eat it. Malaysia offers different versions of the dish, with different states having different versions of the d ish and there are versions fromJohor,Pahang,Perak, Penang,Sarawak, andSelangor. The Malaysian version differs from the original in having slices ofchar siuadded to the dish, as salubrious as the possibility of the soup and wontons in a separate bowl, the noodles being served relatively dry and dressed withoyster sauce. TheSingaporeversion of calorie-free noodleis largely similar to the Malaysian version. Wonton noodlesare also very popular inThailand, where, as in Malaysia and Singapore, the dish is frequently entraped together with barbecued pork which is then calledbami mu daeng kiaoBakkwais aChinesesalty-sweetdried meansproduct similar tojerky, made in the form of flat thin sheets. It is normally made frompork. Bakkwa is believed to have originated from a meat preservation and preparation technique used in ancientChinathat is still practiced in places withHokkieninfluence. InMalaysia,Singapore, and thePhilippinesbakkwaorbaguais the close to widely used name. Cantonese speak ers use the termyuhk gn, Anglicised versionlong yok, go inChinaandTaiwanthe product is to a greater extent commonly cognise asrougan. Commercially available versions are sometimes labeled as barbecued pork, dried pork, or pork jerky. Bakkwa is particularly popular as asnackinMacau,Malaysia,Singapore,Taiwanand thePhilippines. In Taiwan, it is regarded as one of the three pork delicacies.In Malaysia and Singapore, bakkwa has become a highly popular gift offered to visitors and acquaintances, as well as amongst corporate employees (some during theChinese impudent Year). In Muslim-majority countries like Malaysia,halalchicken varieties of the snack may be used as a gift substitute. It may also be served in functions such asChinese weddingbanquets and religious honoring dinners. While demand is particularly high during the festive seasons, it is also served turn back-to-end the year in various outlets as takeaway snacks or to be served together with main courses at home. The meat i s commonly sold in red-colored bags or packaging, an auspicious color inChinese culture.In this question, students get out learned more about(predicate) the Chinese food and get more cookings knowledge. Such as the ingredients that underside scram the tasty Chinese foods. Students also can make it while at home, increasing the cookings skill if could. curiously the students can continue to learning the Chineses cuisine, such as the ingredients to cooking the Chinese food, traditional cooking, provisions, rations, cuisine, and so on. Thats exceptionally effective for those students who expecting to working in Food and Beverage department, Kitchen department, or open a business for selling the Chineses traditional food.What is Chinese set? The history of Chinese cuisine in China traced back to Peking Man and his use of fire and the invention of cuisine some 400,000 years ago. Some other accounts of the history of Chinese cuisine takes the beginning to the Chinese stone age, where the cultivation of rice and the production of noodles, twain typical representations of Chinese cuisine as it is known today, are mute from archaeological findings. Not long after the expansion of the Chinese imperium during the Qin Dynasty and Han Dynasty, Chinese writers noned the great differences in culinary practices among people from different move of the realm. These differences followed to a great extent the varying climate and approachability of foodstuffs in China. Different ethnic groups might occupy only down in the mouth areas, but early on, their cuisines were included in systematic lists of Chinese cuisines. about Chinese cuisines belong to one of the Four Schools Lu, Yang (named after Jiangsus major style, Huaiyang cuisine), Chuan and Yue. These are often translated as the cuisines of Shandong, Sichuan, Jiangsu and Guangdong.Table setting refers to the way to set a table with tableware-such as eating utensils and dishware-for avail and eating. The arrangeme nt for a genius diner is called a place setting. The table should have a centerpiece that performs a solely decorative function. If an informal dinner is being served that go out fill the available places at the table, care should be taken to make the centerpiece not too large so that there allow be sufficient room to place serving dishes. Informal settings primarily have fewer utensils and dishes but use a stereotyped layout base on more formal settings. Utensils are arranged in the order and the way a person will use them. Usually in Western culture, that means that the forks, bread coat, spreader, and napkin are to the left, while knives, spoons, revel ware, cups, and saucers are to the right, although the left-right order is reversed in a minority of countries.The most formal dinner is served from the kitchen. When the meal is served, in addition to the place plate at each setting there is the roll, the napkin, and the following cutlery/ fluent knives, spoons where applic able, to the right and forks to the left. Coffee is served in Butler Service style in demitasse and spoons are placed on the saucer to the right of each handle. The utensils at a formal dinner must be sterling(prenominal) silver. Serving dishes and utensils are not placed on the table for a formal dinner. The only exception to these general rules is the protocol followed at the Spanish royal court, which was also adopted by the Habsburg court accordingly all utensils were placed on the right. At a less formal dinner, not served from the kitchen, the dessert fork and spoon can be set in a higher place the plate, fork pointing right, to match the other forks, spoon pointing left.There are a variety of configurations of cutlery on the market but are normally in groups of four groups of eight, but some are in groups of twelve. or so of the cutlery set is a set of five panel members, consisting of a salad fork, fork, a spoon, a spoon and a knife from the table. Appliance parts can hav e a spoonful of sugar, butter knife and serving well. Some cutlery sets simply consists of kitchen knives, where you have five kitchen knives, a sharpening or butcher and a wooden block bearings, which are the essential dignity. You can put a pair of kitchen scissors and will. At the upper end of these groups, some very used include various Diameter as the chefs knife, paring knife, bread knife, utility knife (for cutting vegetables, fruits and other questions a day) and maybe a knife or scissors.Students can learn about the Chineses table setting, and the menus about the Chineses cuisine that have to showing to customer. That is a utile and a informal for the hospitality students because Chineses cuisine having a lot of knowledgeable to let the students discovered. Moreover, we can learned how to making the Chineses menu if the students can theorise to open a big dining restaurant for serving the Chineses food by the Chineses table setting.

The quantitative data analysis

The quantitative information psychoanalysisQuantitative information analysis has been an inevit fit part of social science query. Like either early(a) discipline, the theories are taught to students to give them an idea and generalisation of social facts and books, journals and another(prenominal) sources are wontd for the same. However, at times these sources are not adequate to(predicate) and enquiry needs to be done in evidence to sort kayoed a deeper knowledge. That is when quantitative information analysis comes into picture.There have been questions raise on the need to examine quantitative information analysis with the progeny of importance of qualititative information (Bryman 1988a), but the formers importance has waned little. It helps that a larger equipoise of empirical look that is conducted draws upon quantitative data.The look for innovation for any inquiry vignette undertaken includes the manner that needs to be applied for the purpose of l ay in and analysing data.selective information entreaty weed be done two bearings- prime array and subaltern analysis of data. When the look forer collects data on their deliver for the sole purpose of the research that they are conducting, they are making implement of elementary data army. The procedures use in these array best suits the research problem at hand. The subaltern analysis of data involves collecting data for a different research purpose but that is reused for the collapse research question.Primary and unessential DataAs explained before, data collected for the specific problem, master(a) data involves addition of new data to the exist come in of knowledge surrounding the research area. When this material is used by other researchers, then this becomes junior-grade. Hox and Boeije (2005) maintain that the primary data whoremaster be used forDescription of contemporary and historical attribute,Comparative research or reproductive memory of origina l research,Reanalysis for the purpose of asking new questions which were not addressed originally, investigate design and methodological advancement and lastly for 5. instruction and learningSecondary analysis utilises the existing data, collected for the purposes of a prior study, in order to pursue a research interest which is searching from that of the original play (Heaton 2002).Secondary data analysis is usually do of quantitative data where the information is made of researched objects whose characteristics have been coded in variables that can have a range of values. In fact, supplementary analysis of quantitative data is reciprocal but the practice is not the same when it comes to qualitative data (Hinds, Vogel and Clarke-Steffen 1997).Strengths and Weaknesses complaisant science researchers undertaking research have a choice of opting to go for primary data- information that they need to collect by themselves or for secondary- scrutinizing for data that relates to th e research problem in hand. There are distinct pros and cons of going for both. In this section, we leave discuss what advantages or disadvantages the researcher faces when using any of these data collection methods.One of the important advantages of going the way of primary data collection is that making use of the theoretical constructs, research design and the data collection strategy can be build with the research question in mind. This will ensure that the research study is coherent and the data collected is distinctly relevant to the problem at hand.A disadvantage lies in the fact that primary data collection can be quite time consuming and expensive use and considering the limitations of certain research study in terms of time and budget, primary data collection efficacy not be a workable option for many researchers.Another aspect of primary data collection is in its error inducing nature. Sampling errors made by ineffectual field workers can skew up the research.Some o f the prominent data collection methods in primary data are experiments, surveys like interviews, ring mail and web surveys. In the case of the experiment, the researcher is able to have a control on who participates in the research and the research situation beingness under the researchers control means that there is strong control of design and procedure permitting causal interpretation of the results. Thus the ability to have many control may be a distinct advantage for primary data, however this can turn into a disadvantage too as one might plead that the researchers control has made the research artificial. In an experimental laboratory, variables are soft manageable and there is no come out for the circumstantial swerves that dominate in everyday life. While conducting surveys, the researcher is able to gather both subjective as well as objective characteristics of the population. If interview questions are carefully designed, evaluated and tested, surveys are a very me thod to obtain first-hand valid responses from respondents.Effectively, this leads us to understanding of the advantage of secondary data analysis. Secondary data is far easier to collect and is less expensive and the glide slope to relevant information is faster. The disadvantage lies in the fact that secondary data was collected originally for a different purpose and therefore might not be optimal for the research problem that is being considered.Heaton points out another argument favouring the use of secondary data analysis stating that it can be used to generate new knowledge, new hypotheses supporting an existing theory and it also reduces the burden that is placed on respondents (for primary data collection) by removing the need to further recruit subjects thus allowing a wider use of data from rare and inaccessible respondents.Not all social research problems can allow the usage of secondary analysis. It has been determined that it is more cheerful for certain researchers, namely students and in some cases by researchers re-using their own data rather than by independent analysts. (Szabo and Strang 1997).In their own right secondary data analysis is an effective tool in teaching method as it helps in introducing students to a discipline and provides a supplement to the process of teaching (Sobal 1982).But the cons behind using the same are numerous. The researcher will need to locate the source of data that is more relevant to the study and this can be time consuming as pointed out earlier. The researcher should also be able to retrieve the data, which at times can be difficult. Also, the data should be able to meet the quality requirements of the present research. Besides, the reliability of the secondary data is also a major blend of the organisation that gathers, organises and publishes the data.Another crippling factor that arises in the use of secondary analysis is that it differs from systematic studys and the meta-analyses of qualitative stu dies that aim towards compiling and assessing the evidence relating to a common research concern or area of practice (Popay, Rogers and Williams 1998).An issue that doesnt come in forefront when discussing secondary analysis is the principle of ethical motive behind using it. In using sensitive data, the researcher cannot scratch informed consent. A professional judgement needs to be made about the usage of the secondary data and whether that violates any contract in the midst of the researchers and the original researcher (Hinds, Vogel and Clarke-Steffen 1997).ConclusionIn conclusion, one may say that there are several advantages and disadvantages of secondary data analysis to collection of ones own primary data, and its usage is best suited to some research issues. But secondary data analysis is a valuable summation as they can act as a model for the collection of primary data. Suffice it to say that there might not be a need to choose between primary data and secondary data an alysis at all, as the researcher can easily incorporate both in their research to gain a grad of balance between their strengths and weaknesses. What is most important is that both primary as well as secondary data should be accurate, reliable, appropriate, valid, precise and timely.ReferencesBryman, A. 1988), measuring stick and Quality in Social Research, London RoutledgeHeaton, L Secondary analysis of qualitative data, 2003, in R. Miller and J. Brewer (eds.) The A-Z of Social Research, Sage, pp 285-288Hinds, P.S., Vogel, R.J., Clarke-Steffen, L. (1997) The possibilities and pitfalls of doing a secondary analysis of a qualitative data set, Qualitative health Research, vol. 7(3) 408-24.Hox, J.J. and Boeije, H.R. (2005). Data collection, primary versus secondary. in K. Kempf-Leonard (Ed.). Encyclopedia of Social Measurement, pp. 593-599Popay, J., Rogers, A., Williams, G. (1998) Rationale and standards for the systematic review of qualitative literature in health services research , Qualitative Health Research, vol. 8 (3) pp. 329-40Sobal, J. 1982, The Role of Secondary Data Analysis in Teaching the Social Sciences, Library Trends, vol. 30, n3, p479-88.Szabo, V. and Strang, V.R. (1997) Secondary analysis of qualitative data, Advances in nursing Science, vol. 20(2) 66-74.

Cryptography and Network Security Applications

Cryptography and mesh Security ApplicationsPart I Cryptography and Data Security function of Cryptography in Securing DataCryptography plays a let out portion in securing any partnerships online info. Encryption is the or so astray utilize method to implement cryptography on the companies selective information as it secures the data while simultaneously leading it to be transferred to another(prenominal)s. It is very difficult for an alien to break into an encrypted file and access the sensitive teaching. Encryption acts as a crucial comp unitarynt of earnest for protecting the mottle computer storage data as it is vulnerable to beingness attacked by outsiders, for concealing the operating systems, and for tutelage security on emails which be the most jet method of dialogue in business.Purpose of Symmetric and Asymmetric Encryptions Insymmetric encryption, the core is encrypted by the application of a secret separate which preserve be in the form of a number, a word, or an alphanumeric string.The key fruit is applied to the subject ( overly k at presentn as plaintext) by the sender, andas dour as the recipient has the key, they shadower decrypt the encrypted message( also known as cipher-text). Confidentiality is achieved by this method ofencryption. If the symmetric key is changed in every seance of discoursethe key is known as a session key that is valid for single session just now and thisprovides improved hiddenity. This is a traditional method of encryption, use it be set outs frantic when secure communication is needed by a number ofemployees in an organization as everyone will progress to a number of keys tocommunicate with different individuals. unafraid key dispersion among all themembers is another problem in using symmetric encryption.In consecrate to resolve these issues, Asymmetric encryption should be apply in thisorganization. Each member has two keys namely frequent and private key. realitykeys are apply t o encrypt and decrypt messages which are to be share among allthe members of the organization. Private keys are for to secure a privatecommunication taking place between two persons. In this way, the all public andprivate communication inside premises is secured using these authenticationmethods and the files overlap with these messages as attachments are alsosecured.Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithmic rule This algorithm is trusted as a standard by most government organizations as it is tremendously efficient in protecting the data of 128-bit. However, it is also used for data of 192 and 256 bits.Message Authentication Code(MAC) Algorithm This is also known as a tag, it is small tuition used forauthenticating a message which means it confirms the authenticity of the message by checking that the received message has been sent by the authenticated sender of it. The MAC value helps in protecting a messagesdata authenticity and its integrity, by allowing the concerned pe rsons to note if the content of the message has been changed.Digital SignaturesDigital touch sensations are commonly used for confirmative the authenticity of digital documents and messages. It ensures the recipient that the received message has come from a known sender and the integrity of the message has not been alter during its transmission process. Since all the paper documents in the organization are now replaced with the electronic documents, digital signatures can be considered as an alternative to ink signatures and stamps of authenticity. Application of digital signatures passing plays authentication, integrity, and most importantly non-repudiation, i.e. one cannot deny their signature later if they have signed the document. Hence, digital signatures should be considered as one of the security measures while planning data security in this organization.Thesefeatures can improve the transparency and security among the businesses throughcommunications. These are basicall y comprised of 3 algorithms namely keygeneration algorithm, signing algorithm, and a signature verifying algorithm. Itis very easy to create digital signatures, one can only if open the electronicdocument that needs to be signed in an electronic signature tool such(prenominal) asDocusign or Microsoft post tools. Further stairs differ as per the tool anddocument and these steps are instructed to the substance abuser as he opens the document inthe tool. users in effect(p) have to follow the instructions and verify their identityin order to add their digital signatures on the document. Whenmessages are sent after being digitally signed, the hash value ensures that nochanges have been made in the document. All of this handled automaticallyhandled by a software tool, which shows warning if a decrypted hash value producesan altered output. The encrypted value of the hash is added to the bottom or asan attachment in the email.Part II Cryptographic Keys and User AuthenticationA user au thentication system can be recommended to provide strict authenticity for users to access the phoners imaginations. In this system, an identity is tell by the users who then applies an authenticator such as a countersign or a security key or combination of both of these in order to validate their identity. The security key presented by the user to verify their identity must be unique so that it authenticates only one particular user. The keys should be made in such a way that they are easy to remember by the user just cannot be stolen, copied, or forged. The process of revoking the previous key and issuing a sore key should be easy. It should be impossible for the users to transfer their security keys to another user. The system should be protected against any attacker during the shipping of data. Asymmetric encryption methods can be used as one of the user authentication methods to validate this system.Sincethe information secured through cryptographic keys depends immediate ly on the keystrength, key mechanisms and protocols effectiveness, and afforded protection.It is important to have a meet key management system in order to ensure right distribution of keys. The user authentication should be made in such away that it offers key protection against any modification. Private keys shouldbe protected against any type of unauthorized disclosure.System Recommended for Employees to Get Discounts on Fruit Juice and Nut BarThesystem recommended for the employees to line prim use of ijuice.com andnutbar.com is that when the employees click on the link given on the employeebenefits page, a login or signup page should appear. If the employee is new tothe system, they employee must make an account on the product website bysigning up using their authentic authentication and their confidential employee IDalong with a username or password that would be the key they use to accesstheir account. As the user logs into the website, a session is created, and bythe rece ived login information of the user, special discount coupons unique tothe employee is available to be added to their accounts so that they can usethe coupon when they purchase any specialised coupon applicable item. Once theuser logs out from their account, the session is terminated, and theinformation about the session remains safe with the servers of ijuice.com andnutbar.com.Part III Secure Cloud Computing for Handling the Companys DataImplementationJohn will want to implement most of the data used and stored for the company in a virtual blotch system. This will provide a certain effective measurement of security, efficiency, transfer methods, time saving and cost reductions. The offset step in implementing obliterate based storage is the replacement of somatogeneticinfrastructures with virtual infrastructures. A software layer generates avirtual exemplification of the hardware as the controlling software point and is mucheasier to manage, synergistic with, share and make changes too.The secondstep, includes the decision making process of what cloud storage system wouldbe best suited for the company. A common cloud service is Google DriveOricle or IBM. These cloud services offer a greater visability into the usageand cost of virtual infrastructure as well as assisting in tracking andassessing shared computer resource usage accuracy. The third step ofimplementing cloud is realizing in companies where most of the pasture data flowdemands server regularity without the interference of attacks and thats wherecloud security comes in. Blowfish,AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), and RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman) are some ofthe most commonly used cloud computing algorithms to provide efficient securityto cloud platforms. AES encryption algorithms were described previously, butRSA encryption relies upon the computational difficulty of processing bear-sizingdinteger values. The strength of this encryption is left up to the key sizewhich are usually 1024- or 20 48-bits in length, which is huge and is why itwould be a great choice to implement upon cloud infrastructure storagesecurity.RisksDenialof Service (DoS) Attacks These attacks prevents theusers from accessing the services by flooding the systems or networks with relationsto make the resources work on unnecessary data or ineluctably crash which thenprevents the user from accessing their data . Such attacks have to a greater extentcomputational power in cloud computing.MalwareInjection Attack These attacks step in harmfulsoftware to the victims data in the cloud and takes control of it. The resultsof prospered injection can be very disastrous, it can even allow thepropagation of computer worms which then can electromotive forcely use the companys datadistribution methods as a platform to dissemination the attack to individuals orgroups who authentically interact with the companys data.Side line of business Attack These attacks place a virtual machine withthe victims virtual machi ne in order to target cryptographic murder ofthe systems instead of using any theoretical weaknesses of the algorithms orany other force. Cache attack, timing attack, power monitoring attack,electromagnetic attack, acoustic cryptanalysis, differential fault analysis,data reminisce, and software-initiated fault attacks are different forms ofside thoroughfare attacks.CountermeasuresThe data stored in the cloudmust be zipped up with each a password or AES encryption and the keys mustnot be shared with anyone.Login authentication shouldnot be simple in price of guess work and rather should implement multifactorauthentication.A CCSP (Certified CloudSecurity Professional) should be hired to manage the cloud after installation.Data integrity must beverified by implementing data encryption and decryption over the wire.Itis better(predicate) to use cloud computing for the operational purposes in order to humble the hardware infrastructure cost and maintain efficient management ofdatab ases and confidential data if all the vulnerabilities are taken care of byusing proper countermeasures.PartIV Business and Blockchain IntegrationBlockchaintechnology has created a backbone for a new kind of internet. A blockchainsstore information across a network of computers making them not just deconcentrate but distributed which means no single individual or company ownsa system but everyone can use it and help campaign it. It can be looked at in threedifferent ship canal technical, legal, and business (Nair & Sebastian,2017).As per technical aspect, it could be seen as a backend databasewhich has a distributed ledger. As per business aspect, it is an exchangenetwork that can be used by peers for transferring value. This mechanismvalidates a transaction and may validate it from a legal point of view. Thereis no requirement of any middlemen to make a transaction valid. Inorder to ensure proper performance of blockchains at such a corporate level, aconsensus algorithm is unavo idable which must be secure, functional, andefficient. induction of work, Proof of Authority, and Proof of stake are someof the consensus algorithm which are considered as potential for blockchainintegration. However, the use of a Proof of Work algorithm has already beenstarted for blockchains in Bitcoins. Blockchains can enhance the security inthree different forms which are blockage of identity thefts, prevention fromdenial of service attacks, and prevention of data tampering.AdvantagesIt allows people to sell orbuy anything they like to and or from anybody in the world, without letting anyother party to interfere and impose rules upon them.Every consumer can choosetheir identity in transactions, such can remain anonymous, public, or privateas per their choice.Approach used in blockchainsfor storing DNS entries could increase security by eliminating the singletarget that can be attacked by the hackers. This will not cause the entiresystem to be compromised by the attack.Blockchai n will also eliminatethe network fees on DNS reads and will only charge for new entries and updates,of course depending upon the DNS provider that John chooses to go with.DrawbacksFinancial services will beimpacted as blockchain is defined as everything that a posit does.Government services as one canchoose to buy or sell anything to anyone without any geographical boundaries. Noone will go to government departments for completing the formalities.Blockchains will require a lotof computational power as compared to centralized database processes. Blockchainprovides the ability for every node in the network to process the requestindependently.Existing currencies areregulated and created by the depicted object governments, but blockchain and a productof blockchain such as Bitcoin will typesetters case hurdles in being adopted by the already exist financial institutions if the regulation status of the governmentsremain unsettled.ReferencesStallings, W., &Tahiliani, M. P. (2014).Crypto graphy and network security principlesand practice(Vol. 6). London Pearson.Jonsson, J., Moriarty,K., Kaliski, B., & Rusch, A. (2016). PKCS 1 RSA CryptographySpecifications Version 2.2.Salomaa, A.(2013).Public-key cryptography. Springer cognizance & BusinessMedia.Hernandez, K. (2017).Blockchain for DevelopmentHope or Hype?.Nair, G. R., &Sebastian, S. (2017). BlockChain Technology centralise Ledger to DistributedLedger.Rittinghouse, J. W.,& Ransome, J. F. (2016).Cloud computing implementation, management,and security. CRC press.Stojmenovic, I. (2014,November). Fog computing A cloud to the ground support for smart things andmachine-to-machine networks. InTelecommunication Networks andApplications Conference (ATNAC), 2014 Australasian(pp. 117-122).IEEE.

Media Violence and School Shootings Essays -- Mass Shootings, School Sh

     Another prep ar shooting goes d give and is preyed upon by the media for a seize new story. Jonesboro, Arkansas, West Paducah, Kentucky, and Littleton, Colorado all sacrifice one intimacy in common. All these places are sites where school shootings have occurred. Why do school shootings happen and who is to blame when they do happen?. These are 2 questions that are still trying to be answered. Some tribe vocalize that school shootings are due to the excess marketing of violence in movies, television, video games, and music. "There is a difference between what one has the right to do and what is socially responsible, he says. It appears that they have targeted a mass audience for this material, and consequently theyre horrified when its discovered what theyve done. Theyre being duplictous-in the end, theyre lying" says Andrew Schwartzman, president of public interest police firm the Media Access Group(Holland). I tend to agree with this point only I believe that there is a bigger and more developed factor when looking at school shootings. I believe that parents have to pip most of the blame for school shootings.      Why should parents have to take blame for something that their child has done wrong. Well, it is pretty simple. Parents are the only people who discount control what kind of music their kid or kids perceive to, what movies they see, what video games they play, and what kind of programs they watch on TV. The parents should be held accountable because it is not possible for the school to control what the kids do out of the classroom. Since the Littleton, Colorado shooting, school shootings have attracted attention to laws that make parents criminally liable for their childrens actions. Since then, twelve states including, Alabama, Arkansas, atomic number 20 and Ohio, have come up with agnate responsibility statues. Under these laws, parents can be prosecuted based on the failure to supervise their children("Parents"). Tom kill also believes that he is responsible for the violence that his kids are exposed to saying, "because as a parent, I can do something about the entertainment masking habits of my children. As far as I know, my wife and I are still in charge on the home front, and we plan to spare it that way as long as were still paying for the Nikes"(Lynch).   ... ... morals, want going to church. I myself, believe that God can be the biggest or least influence in a kids life.      Violence in the media and heavy weapon control are two of the biggest factors when it comes down to school shootings. But after(prenominal) it is all said and done it is the parents responsibility to control and bring their kids up right. Thats what everything comes down to. It all starts in the beginning. Parents have to start from when the kid is erosion diapers. The parents have to decide on what the kids will watch on TV, comprehend to in their headphones, play on their computer, and watch at the movie theater. aft(prenominal) all, the school can not supervise kids after school hours. This turn out found following the Colorado massacre seemed to indicate a parental failure to detect and deal with troubled behavior by teens surmise of the killings(Chi). Kids have way to much freedom in todays world. They dont know what its kindred to be told "no". From letting the youngster get whatever toys he wants, to letting the sixteen year old pick out his own car. Lets face it, kids today are spoiled by their parents and the people slightly them. And in the end It kills

Heroism in Beowulf Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essay

courage in Beowulf A hero is one who is not only strong, entirely one who uses his strength to uphold others. A hero is humble, philanthropic, magnanimous and selfless, a humanitarian at best. In the unprecedented epic Beowulf, the tales namesake exemplifies every characteristic befitting an Anglo-Saxon hero. He is honest, loyal, and courageous. He portrays these characteristics in the battle against Grendel, the affray with Grendels mother, and the fight against the dragon that inevitably finish his life. Beowulf was a man of admirable exploits. He had the strength of thirty manpower in his arms, and would use this strength to aid anyone in need. Upon hearing of the salute of Grendel and the ill happenings in Hrothgars kingdom, Beowulf immediately gathered his entourage to facilitate the king and defend Heorot. When Beowulf encountered the beast that had terrorized for 12 years, he single-handedly ripped finish off Grendels arm, an act ultimately killing the creature. To furt her delineate his heroism, Beowulf kept the arm as a trophy of his victory. Upon learning of her sons death, Grendel...

Chemistry and Synaptic Transmitters :: Chemistry Science Scientific Essays

Chemistry and synaptic Transmitters The most common psychoactive imports can be divided into depressants (i.e., alcohol, sedatives, hypnotics), stimulants (i.e., cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy), opioids (i.e., morphia and heroine), and hallucinogens (i.e., PCP, LSD, cannabis). The brain has several(predicate) effects to antithetic psychoactive substances. They bind to different receptor types, and can increase or decrease the activity of neurons by dint of several different mechanisms. Consequently, these psychoactive substances hire different behavioral effects, different rates of development of tolerance, different withdrawal symptoms, and different short-term and long-term effects (Vaccarino & Rotzinger, 2004). In this team project we go out take a closer look at the hallucinogen, LSD by explaining the chemistry and roadway of access of LSD, synaptic transmitters and the parts of neurons affected, inhibitory/excitatory strongial changes, physiologic change s, primary behavior changes, side effects of behavior changes, and effects account by users. LSD is considered to be one of, if not the, most potent hallucinogenic drug known (Leicht, 1996). To understand LSD first we will give a brief history of how LSD came into existence. In 1938, Albert Hoffman was an employee in the pharmacological department of Sandoz, in Basel, Switzerland. Hoffman was studying derivatives of lysergic acid, including systematically reacting the acid root with various reagents, to produce the corresponding amides, anhydrides, esters, etc. One of these derivatives was the diethylamide, made by addition of the NC2H5)2 group, and it was named LSD-25. But the new substance didnt appear to have any particularly useful medical properties, although the research report noted, in passing, that the experimental animals became restless during the narcosis. (May, 1998). LSD was not looked at for the next quint years until Hoffman couldnt get this ne w substance out of his headspring and decided to reexamine LSD. Hoffman stated A peculiar presentiment- the feeling that this substance could possess properties other than those established in the first investigations- induced me, quint years after the first synthesis, to produce LSD-25 once again so that a sample could be given to the pharmacological department for moreover tests. So, in the spring of 1943, he repeated the synthesis of LSD-25. Hoffman is quoted in his science laboratory journal on April 19, 1943. 1700 Beginning dizziness, feelings of anxiety, visual distortions,

Masterful Management of the Atmosphere in Macbeth :: Free Macbeth Essays

Masterful Management of the Atmosphere in Macbeth Shakespeargon in his tragedy Macbeth shows himself to be a playwright who can manipulate the halo at every turn in the road. The atmosphere of this play is a choreographic work of art which is synchronized with the action of the play. Blanche Coles states in Shakespeares cardinal Giants that he agrees with G. B. Harrison, that this play contains one of the finest examples of atmosphere ever created in gambol Macbeth is overwhelmed with the significance of his filthy deed. His wife is concerned only with the details of what essential be done next - with facts. She has no imagination. The passage between Macbeth and gentlewoman Macbeth after the slaying is one of the finest examples of atmosphere ever created in drama.(62) Lily B. Campbell in her volume of criticism, Shakespeares Tragic Heroes Slaves of Passion, explains how the atmosphere of dismay and fear is built up Macbeth is, however, not only a field of operations o f fear it is a study in fear. The sounds and images in the play combine to give the atmosphere of terror and fear. The incantation of the witches, the bell that tolls while Duncan dies, the cries of Duncan, the cries of the women as Lady Macbeth dies, the owl, the knocking at the gate, the wild horses that ate each other, the story, the quaking of the earth - all of these are the normal accompaniments of the willfully fearful in literature. (238-39) Charles Lamb in On the Tragedies of Shakespeare comments on the atmosphere surrounding the play The state of sublime emotion into which we are elevated by those images of night and horror which Macbeth is made to utter, that solemn function with which he entertains the time till the bell shall strike which is to call him to murder Duncan, - when we no longer read it in a book, when we have given up up that vantage-ground of abstraction which reading possesses over seing, and come to see a man in his bodily shape before our eyes in reality preparing to commit a muder, if the acting be true and impressive as I have witnessed it in Mr. Ks performance of that part, the painful anxiety sozzled to the act, the natural longing to prevent it while it yet seems unperpetrated, the too close pressing semblance of reality,give a pain and an uneasiness .

Poes The Cask of Amontillado: A Psychological Analysis of Characters

Poes The cask of Amontillado A Psychological Analysis of Characters Widely regarded as E. A. Poes finest story, The Cask of Amontillado depicts a deed so horrific that for many it defines ugly. Edmund Clargonnce Stedman said of Poes writings He strove by a kind of divination to put his hand upon the tie in of mind and matter, and reach the hiding-places of the soul. Even though 20th ampere-second theories of psychology would not be formulated until many years after(prenominal) Poes death, he nevertheless delved into the realm of abnormal psychology instinctively and perhaps never with a more terrifying outcome than in the tone of Montressor, a man so bent upon revenge that he walls his adversary up in a crypt and leaves him to die. Is Montressor a madman, or is he evil personified? Is Fortunato merely the unfortunate victim of a deranged murderer, or did he entice Montressor to commit the deed? By applying 20th century psychological guidelines, one tidy sum speculate that Mo ntressor is not insane per se tho is afflicted with a malignant narcissistic disorder which, when aggravated by Fortunatos egotism and naivet, drives him to commit his violent act.Fortunato is depicted from the outset of the tale as arrogant and egotistical. Montressor begins his narration by saying, The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as silk hat I could, but when he ventured upon insult I vowed revenge (240). though the exact nature of the insult is not made known, there are numerous examples of subtle slights by Fortunato throughout the narrative. Perhaps Fortunato is unaware that his comments are frequently demeaning but his remarks make him seem arrogant and uncaring. advance(prenominal) in the story, he indicates his belief that Montressor is not a true connoiss... ...y points to a mental disorder but is not indicative of insanity as we define it. Did Fortunatos perceived insults drive Montressor to commit his crime? Perhaps they did, or perhaps Montressor need ed little incentive. However, one thing is certain. If evil can be defined as the death or absence of a soul, then to look upon Montressor must surely be to glimpse the truly face of evil.Works CitedGoode, Erica. Stalin to Saddam So Much for the Madman Theory. parvenu York Times 4 May 2003 pg. 4.5.Poe, Edgar Allan. The Cask of Amontillado. Reading and Writing to the highest degree Literature. Phillip Sipiora. New Jersey Pearson Education, 2002. 240-244.Stedman, Edmund Clarence. Scribners Monthly, Vol. XX, May-Oct. 1880, pp. 107-124. Reprinted in Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism, Vol. 16. GALILEO. .Yen, Duen Hsi. Shame. 23 May 1997. Noogenesis. 4 Mar. 2004 .

Uses of Marijuana :: Free Essays Online

hempen necktie is a very useful plant. The reason why it is illegal instantly seems an easy question to answer, right? Because of the make that it causes on the brain and body. right wing? Wrong The reasons why hemp was made illegal were reasons that the public were neer exposed to. Before 1883 about seventy-five to ninety percent of the worlds theme was manufactured from hemp bast fiber. The United States Department of Agriculture first gear proposed making paper from hemp soma in the early 1930s. Although credit line had to wait until someone invented a machine that would separate the hemp pulp from the fiber cheaply. Meanwhile, Dupont Chemicals, Hearst Paper and Timber, and several other companies had developed a unused guidance to make whiter paper out of channelises. Just when they got wholly their patents and business going in 1936, someone invented the hemp decorticating machine. This threatened to put all the tree companies out of business, because of the fact th at hemp paper is cheaper to make. A great sum of capital was tied up in making tree pulp paper and shipping it for sale. Most of the tree-paper companies were very powerful and had umteen connections with the government. So in 1937, they launched a country-wide campaign to put a preventive tax on hemp. This was the first Reefer Madness Movement and when we began to call cannabis-Marijuana. At that time no one knew that marijuana was really cannabis hemp. The except now knowledge about hemp that the public knew had been obtained from the many fabricated stories. completely the public knew was that it was the killer weed with roots in hell, because of the purportedly harmful effects that it had on the human body and mind, which by the way have all been reaserched again in depth and the previous conclusions of the effects of marijuana on the human body and mind, have all been disproven. Because of this closely Americans did not know where their textilees used to come from beca use synthetic fabrics had just becom popular. The first Levis blue jeans were made from the hemp plant. I will including the followers information in my paper the many useful uses of hemp as a perspective product for the future, products such as fiber, rope and twine, canvas, cloth and cotton, how it can replace our dependence on our forests for our paper products, and finally how easy it can be cultivated.

Essay --

Fish constitutes a tonality source of animal protein for much of the worlds population.1 globose slantery catches from marine ecosystems were highest in the mid-1980s and have been decreasing ever since disdain increase fishing swither 2. Many of the worlds oceans indefensible fish stocks atomic number 18 completely exploited, so the capture fisheries are no longstanding sustainable. In 2004 theUnited Nations State of the Worlds Fisheries overcompensate indicated that 52 percent of the oceans wild fish stocks are fully exploited.3. In reply to the decline of wild fisheries, umpteen of the countries have put their effort to aquaculture. Aquaculture is the soil of aquatic plants and animals. FAO placed the global Aquaculture at 60 one thousand thousand tonnes in 2010,1, which is about 41.2 % of the total fish achievement in the World. European coalition (EU) countries contribute to 4% of the world aquaculture production. The value of EU aquaculture production was 3.1 z illion for 1.26 million tonnes of production in 20104. Available data turn out a growing gap estimated at 8 million tonnes surrounded by the aim of consumption of sea fodder in the EU and the volume of captures from fisheries. Thus the European merger is giving a priority to expansion of Aquaculture in its Members countries. Because of the many issues complex aquaculture, there is a deliberate measure by the EU to take up policies which will ensure that the expansion of aquaculture is in make in an environmentally, socially and economically sustainable way by appendage countries. present I discuss the general concepts of aquaculture and the significance of the EU aquaculture policies chthonic the EU Union common fisheries policy (CFP) for the growth of aquaculture in the region. I excessively compare these policies with other ma... ...ave led to success of china aquaculture allow availability of market, diverse and diversity of fish products. Prioritization of the aqu aculture as important welkin of the sparing also contributes to the significance difference in production among the EU and china.13The major differences that can be seen between aquaculture in chinaware and in the European union is that in china aquaculture production is more than pore to production while the European Union focuses on the environmental challenges. final resultThe aquaculture sector has a strategic importance in parcel to food security and its growth is very promising especially low the docile growth economy. Despite the many challenges facing the aquaculture industry in the EU the growth can be realized if the polices and strategies under the CFP for aquaculture are utilize by the member countries. Essay -- Fish constitutes a key source of animal protein for much of the worlds population.1 Global fishery catches from marine ecosystems were highest in the mid-1980s and have been decreasing ever since despite increasing fishing effort 2. Ma ny of the worlds oceans wild fish stocks are completely exploited, so the capture fisheries are no longer sustainable. In 2004 theUnited Nations State of the Worlds Fisheries report indicated that 52 percent of the oceans wild fish stocks are fully exploited.3. In response to the decline of wild fisheries, many of the countries have put their effort to aquaculture. Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic plants and animals. FAO placed the global Aquaculture at 60 million tonnes in 2010,1, which is about 41.2 % of the total fish production in the World. European Union (EU) countries contribute to 4% of the world aquaculture production. The value of EU aquaculture production was 3.1 billion for 1.26 million tonnes of production in 20104. Available data show a growing gap estimated at 8 million tonnes between the level of consumption of seafood in the EU and the volume of captures from fisheries. Thus the European Union is giving a priority to expansion of Aquaculture in its Members c ountries. Because of the many issues involved aquaculture, there is a deliberate measure by the EU to keep up policies which will ensure that the expansion of aquaculture is in done in an environmentally, socially and economically sustainable way by member countries. Here I discuss the general concepts of aquaculture and the significance of the EU aquaculture policies under the EU Union common fisheries policy (CFP) for the growth of aquaculture in the region. I also compare these policies with other ma... ...ave led to success of china aquaculture include availability of market, diverse and diversity of fish products. Prioritization of the aquaculture as important sector of the economy also contributes to the significance difference in production between the EU and china.13The major differences that can be seen between aquaculture in China and in the European union is that in china aquaculture production is more focused to production while the European Union focuses on the Environ mental challenges. ConclusionThe aquaculture sector has a strategic importance in contribution to food security and its growth is very promising especially under the blue growth economy. Despite the many challenges facing the aquaculture industry in the EU the growth can be realized if the polices and strategies under the CFP for aquaculture are implemented by the member countries.