Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Strategic management - Essay Example A major makeover happened for the company in 1990 when it joined hands with BMW of Germany for manufacturing of aero engines. â€Å"Today it is the world's second largest civil aero engine company, the world's second largest defence aero engine company, a global leader in marine propulsion and a leading supplier of energy solutions. All of these businesses have gas turbine technology at their heart.† (Rolls Royce, 2011) Aero engine manufacturing is one of the largest engineering industrial sectors in the world. Some of the leading aero engine manufacturers in the world are Rolls-Royce Engines, BMW, Bristol Engine Company, CFM International, Pratt & Whitney, Daimler Benz, GE Aviation, Hispano-Suiza, Napier and Son, Volvo Aero, etc. Among these, Rolls Royce is one of the leading market players. Rolls-Royce Engines holds nearly one third of the business aircraft engine market. Some of the main customers of Rolls-Royce include Airbus, Bombardier, Embraer and Raytheon. Quality, Rel iability and Tradition has been the main driving force behind the success of Rolls Royce Aero Engines. The key success factors of aero engine manufacturing industry are very critical. ... Research and Development is the next success factor. R&D is the factor that drives every other success factors. Better technology is developed only through innovation. Technological innovation is possible only through better investment of time and resources into R & D. Innovative product offerings are the next success factor of the industry. Merely supplying engines is not the game plan currently. Some of the innovative plans of the industry are Corporate Care, power-by-the-hour, pay-as-you-fly program, etc. (George, 2011) Similarly, better after sales service and customer relationship management are another key success factors. The aviation industry segment can be classified mainly into two categories that are wide body engine market and narrow body engine market. As of now Rolls-Royce has considerable market share in the wide body engine market with the second position in the segment. But Rolls-Royce still needs to develop its presence in the narrow body market. Currently, Rolls-Ro yce participates in the narrow body segment in a joint venture with Pratt & Whitney and others. â€Å"Rolls-Royce is well positioned in the wide body market, but about to lose 25% of the narrow body market in which it has a 40% joint venture share by 2015.† (GLG Expert Contributor, 2010) Analysis of External Factors Like any other industry, external factors have great influence on the prospects of aero engine manufacturing industry. Some of the key external factors influencing the aero engine manufacturing industry are as follows. 1. Raw material cost 2. Competition 3. Bargaining power of customers 4. Environmental impact 5. Regulatory Pressures 6. Currency risk 7. Other external events Raw material

Levi Strauss Essay Example for Free

Levi Strauss Essay As one attempts to assess the business ethics of Levi Strauss and Nike in this writing assignment, we are again compelled to revisit the critical distinction of conduct that is legal, yet still unethical. In both instances, Levi Strauss and Nike behaved with the parameters of legal conduct, yet few would argue that profiting from exploitive work conditions is an ethical behavior of any socially responsible organization (broad view social responsibility). Obviously, it’s very tempting to just condense this argument to the point of â€Å"bad companies boosting profits from lower labor costs via exploiting foreign workers in sweatshops†. I am going to take a much broader approach here in my assessment, as complete fairness to the two corporations here requires a bit of an indictment of the legal, regulatory, political, and socioeconomic environment that they operate in. So, let’s start there †¦ how is it that both of these large corporations are permitted (and driven) to outsource (with relative impunity) labor to countries with poor labor laws? In order to fairly assess their conduct, one must first examine the system under which they operate. How has corporate America gone down this path? Why do so many large U. S. corporations outsource labor en masse, which costs the U. S. economy so many jobs domestically? Let’s start by looking in the mirror and by that I mean you and I †¦ the U. S. consumer. Our thirst for cheap merchandise made overseas knows no limits. Do any of us look at the country of origin for goods, and if it’s non-U. S. do we even pause for a second to consider boycotting said goods due to loss of American jobs? Or boycott due to the nation of origin’s reputation for worker abuse? Of course we don’t. We want that Japanese high definition television from Wal-Mart that costs $100 less. We want the clothing from China or Indonesia that is 30% cheaper than similar brands made here. So, my first premise in this entire argument is that American consumers are NOT socially responsible in their purchasing habits. This lack of social responsibility on the demand side is a catalyst for Levi Strauss and Nike to seek cheaper labor overseas – for if they do not, their competitors assuredly will and they will be at a competitive disadvantage. Now, let’s assess the legal and regulatory environment under which both entities operate in the United States. Has Congress made it illegal to outsource labor to countries that they know are abusing their labor forces? In general, of course not. Congress maintains a blind eye to the problem, debating it over the years here and there in a politically motivated, half-hearted effort to occasionally placate certain voting segments (labor unions; displaced workers). Do they tougher their stance? Do they for one minute say to themselves, â€Å"this is really wrong, and socially irresponsible†? By inaction Congress is tacitly approving this practice, which of course is what powerful corporate lobbyists want. The profit motive has large U. S. corporations addicted to cheap labor now; Pandora’s Box has been opened and no one has the political will to attempt to close it. So let’s recap so far: we’ve indicted the U. S. consumer and our lawmakers in the legislative branch of the U. S. government (Congress) as major cultivators of the pro-outsourcing environment for which Levi Strauss and Nike must successfully operate under. Next on our list of socially irresponsible contributing parties – the judicial branch of the U.S. government. When the U. S. Supreme Court found in 2010 that the formation of so called â€Å"Super PACs† for campaign donations was legal, this gave corporations new powers under the law to, in effect, buy our government via opulent and obscene campaign spend funneled to candidates. The end result of this ruling is that corporations that profit greatly from outsourced labor are now able to pay for the elections of our Congressmen – and gee, wonder how this economic â€Å"favor† will be repaid when attempts to rein in outsourcing come up in Congress? Let’s move on to our two protagonists in this debate: Levi Strauss and Nike. Now that we’ve got the backdrop well in hand, and a reasonable person would agree that a massive systemic failure in the U. S. has allowed and promoted unchecked outsourcing of jobs, it’s time to discuss these two corporate giants and their respective behaviors here. Do these two corporations have a responsibility to monitor the conduct of the companies they do business within particular, their contractors and suppliers? As a personal believer in the broader view of corporate social  responsibility, I believe that they do. Notwithstanding the fact that all of this outsourcing is legal, and despite the mitigating factors that I’ve argued above that do alleviate these two companies of all of the blame – I still believe that they need to take the higher moral ground. Levi Strauss overall has conducted itself with far greater corporate social responsibility than Nike has, in my judgment. Strauss for many years withdrew from China due to their notoriety as a non-democratic country with abusive labor conditions. Regrettably, it had to re-enter China eventually to keep pace with competitors. Also, witness the way that Strauss treated its displaced U. S. workers as it (with some remorse) eventually had to close all its U. S. plants due to competition from outsourcers. Strauss gave generous severance and retraining dollars to the affected workers. In my estimation, Strauss has had to compromise its socially responsible corporate culture due to pressures from the warped competitive environment that was designed around them. It became a matter of survival for their corporation; their management had to adapt or risk failure and loss of the shareholders’ investments in the company. That is why I authored the overview above – I think it’s highly relevant to assessing Strauss’s conduct here. The system failed Levi Strauss – they wanted to behave under the broad definition of corporate social responsibility, but the demand for cheaper outsourced goods by consumers and the legality of outsourcing jobs (Congressional oversight failure) forced an adaptive change against their moral grain. Nike, however, is no apologist when it comes to their outsourcing. In fact, they are proud of it – even boasting that they pay outsourced workers higher than average wages for their region. To me, this is tantamount to bragging that â€Å"we don’t abuse those workers as badly as others do†. Frankly, that attitude offends my sensibilities and my personal set of ethical standards. I also deem it to be in direct conflict with the broader definition of corporate social responsibility. Lastly, I think that corporations have the obligation to take the ethical high ground and behave in a socially responsible manner (broad definition). That said, however, I do not believe that it’s a fair expectation to demand that high standard if adhering to same places the company’s very existence at risk due to systemic failures beyond their control. Levi Strauss attempted to â€Å"do the right thing†, but poor rules and oversight make competing in a broad ethical manner quite dangerous to its ultimate survival. Strauss’s example should serve as a wakeup call to U. S. consumers and our Congress: systemic change is needed, and it’s needed NOW.

Reflective Summary On Prescribing Practice Learning Nursing Essay

Reflective Summary On Prescribing Practice Learning Nursing Essay The author, a nurse practitioner based in an Emergency Department (ED), from here on in will be referred to as the practitioner. The practitioner is currently employed in a development role with the view, following training, of becoming an acute care practitioner. This will entail working autonomously: taking accurate clinical histories, physical examination, gain differential and working diagnosis and organise a plan of care. This plan of care could well include a number of prescribed medications. Hence it is in the practitioners job description (as it is increasingly in many specialist/autonomous nursing roles) to become a Nurse Independent and Supplementary Prescriber (NISP). The Cumberlege Report (1986) suggested that nurses should be able to prescribe independently and highlighted that patient care could be improved and resources used more effectively by doing so. It identified that nurses were wasting their time requesting prescriptions from Doctors. Since the publication of this seminal piece of work, non-medical prescribing has been analysed, reflected upon, researched at great lengths and changes in practice made (DoH 1989, 1999, 2006 2008; Luker et al 1994; Latter et al 2011) and is still under constant review. The aim of this portfolio is to: Reflect on practice as a means of on-going personal and professional development. Demonstrate a capability of integrating learning into practice. Submit a range of material mapped against the module learning outcomes, NMC 2006 prescribing standards, domains of practice and core competencies. Establish an evidence-based approach to practice competence as a safe independent supplementary prescriber. This prescribing practice portfolio will be a reflective portfolio using Rolfe et al (2001) model of reflection to aid learning from experience and close the gap between theory and practice. This model has been chosen as it is something the practitioner is familiar with and has used before. The portfolio will conclude with a reflective summary on prescribing practice learning which will draw together the evidence used to support achievement of the competences identified. After discussing with colleagues who have already completed the NISP course, the practitioner is aware of the complex nature and volume of work that is required over the duration of it. There is a feeling of nervousness due to this but also a feeling excitement over what will be learnt. If successful the practitioner believes her practice will be enhanced significantly as she will have the ability to give patients seamless care. References Department of Health. (1986) Neighbourhood Nursing: A Focus for Care. (Cumberlege Report). London: HMSO Department of Health. (1989) Report of the Advisory Group on Nurse Prescribing. The Crown Report). London: HMSO Department of Health. (1999) Review Of Prescribing, Supply And Administration Of Medicines. (The Crown Report Two) London: HMSO. Department of Health. (2006) Medicines Matters. London: HMSO Department of Health. (2008) Making Connections: Using Healthcare Professionals to Deliver Organisational Improvements. London: HMSO Latter, S. Blenkinsopp, A. Smith, A. Chapman, S. Tinelli, M. Gerard, K. Little, P. Celino, N. Granby, T. Nicholls, P. Dorer, G. (2011) Evaluation of nurse and pharmacist independent prescribing. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton; School of Pharmacy, Keele University on behalf of Department of Health [Online] Available at http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/184777/ [Accessed 15th Sept 2012] Luker, K. Austin, L. Hogg, C. Ferguson, B. Smith, K. (1998) Nurse-Patient Relationships: The context of Nurse Prescribing. Journal of Advanced Nursing. (28) 2: 235-242 Rolfe, G. Freshwater, D. Jasper, M. (2001) Critical Reflection in Nursing and the Helping Professions: a Users Guide. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Consultation Holistic Assessment Case Study In this case study the consultation, diagnosis, prescribing options and decisions of a 35 year old female seen in the ED will be discussed. This case study will aim to improve the practitioners knowledge of conducting a consultation and its relationship with making a diagnosis and treatment options. To maintain confidentiality, in line with the code of professional conduct, the patient will be referred to as Mrs A (Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC), 2008). Consultation Examining the holistic needs of the patient is the first of seven principles of good prescribing (National Prescribing Centre (NPC), 1999) and must be undertaken before making a decision to prescribe (NMC Practice Standard 3, 2006). Holistic assessment takes into consideration the mind, body and spirit of the patient (Jarvis, 2008). Traditionally consultation and making a diagnosis has been completed by Doctors. However, nurse diagnosis would appear to have been formally acknowledged since The Crown Two Report (DoH, 1999) as part of the independent prescriber role. Horrocks et al, (2002), found greater patient satisfaction with nurse consultations than with GP consultations. Jennings et al, (2009) and Wilson Shifaza, (2008) also found this to be true of nurse practitioners working in emergency departments. Importantly, they also found no significant variation in other health outcomes. Most of these studies found that consultations with nurses were to some extent longer, they offered more advice on self-care and self-management and that nurses gave more information to patients. Although there are various consultation models that have been described (Byrne Long, 1976; Pendleton et al, 1984; Neighbour, 2005; Kurtz et al, 2003; Stott Davis, 1979), these are based upon observation of doctor, not nurse consultations. Nevertheless, the consultation models and skills described in the medical literature are relevant to all practitioners (Baird, 2004). Consultation models help the practitioner centre the consultation around successful information exchange and try to provide a theoretical structure. Consultation models can also be used to help make maximum use of the time available at each consultation (Simon, 2009). Traditionally the medical model is used to assess patients however; it does not take into account the social, psychological, and other external factors of the patient. The model also overlooks that the diagnosis (that will affect treatment of the patient) is a result of negotiation between doctor and patient (Frankel et al, 2003) In this case study, the practitioner has used Roger Neighbours model of consultation. This was found by the practitioner to be simple and easy to remember, whilst covering all areas needed to make an effective consultation and assessment. He describes a 5 stage model which he refers to as a journey with checkpoints along the way: Connecting establishing a relationship and rapport with the patient. Summarising taking a history from the patient including their ideas, expectations, concerns and summarising back to the patient to ensure there are no misunderstandings. Handing over negotiating between the practitioners and patients agenda and agreeing on a management plan. Safety netting the consideration of what if? and what the practitioner might do in each case. Housekeeping reflecting on the consultation. (Neighbour, 2005) Connecting Mrs A was called through to the Rapid Assessment and Treatment area in the ED. It was apparent from Mrs As facial expression and limp that walking caused her pain. Silverman Kinnersley, (2010) state that non-verbal communication is extremely important and can often provide clues to underlying concerns or emotions. The practitioner had never met the patient before so had no previous relationship with her but was aware that she may have pre-conceived ideas about the ED which may have caused her anxiety. The practitioner introduced herself to Mrs A, explained her job role, the process that was about to be undertook and consent obtained. During this time eye contact was maintained and the practitioner also asked Mrs A how she would like to be addressed. This was done to try and build up a rapport with Mrs A, to help her feel at ease and reassure her. Simon, (2009) and Moulton, (2007) agree and state that rapport is essential to effective communication and consultation. Mrs A was also of fered a trolley to sit on to make herself comfortable and the curtains pulled around for privacy and dignity. On reflection the practitioner was aware that the environment was a busy and noisy assessment area and this can have a negative impact on the consultation (Silverman et al, 2005). Identifying this with Mrs A and apologising may have re-assured her further and gained trust and respect. Summarising The practitioner began with an open ended question and did not interrupt the patients response. Neighbour, (2005) and Moulton, (2007) advise this to open the consultation. Gask Usherwood, (2002) found that if a practitioner interrupts, patients then rarely disclose new information, which could lead to not finding out the real reason for the consultation. Mrs A revealed that she received an insect bite to her right lower leg 5 days ago, since then the surrounding skin had become swollen, increasingly red, painful and hot to touch. She explained that the redness was spreading up her leg and the pain was getting worse. Mrs A explained that she was concerned that it was not going to get better and was very worried that it had got worse during the last 3 days. Upon questioning Mrs A also complained of malaise and that she had been feeling very hot and cold and at times. She had been managing to eat and drink as normal. Mrs A lived with her husband, was a non smoker and drank alcohol occasionally. She had no past medical history and took no prescribed or over the counter (otc) medications. It was also elicited that she was allergic to Penicillin which she had an anaphylaxis reaction to. Taking a medical, social, medication and allergy history is important as it can be relevant to the presenting complaint, makes sure key information has not been overlooked and is essential in preventing prescribing errors (Bickley, 2008; Young et al, 2009). The practitioner actively listened to what Mrs A was saying by maintaining eye contact, using open questions and by summarising the history back to clarify points and to make sure nothing was missed. On reflection the practitioner feels this also gave the opportunity for Mrs A to add any further information not disclosed so far. Closed questions were then used to gain specific information related to the initial information given, this is advised by Young et al, (2009) and Moulton, (2007). Effective communication is important as Epstein et al, (2008) explains that a precise history can supply at least 80% of the information necessary for a diagnosis. Upon examination there was obvious erythema. Light palpation revealed that the area was very warm and tender. Neurovascular assessment was performed and was unremarkable. Mrs As chest was clear, heart sounds normal and her abdomen was soft, non tender. Physical examination is important as it is used to detect physical signs that the patient may not be aware of and can be used to confirm or disprove a possible diagnosis. It also suggests to the patient that their illness is being taken seriously. (Bickley, 2008, Charlton, 2006). Observations were taken including blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, respiratory rate and oxygen saturations. All were within normal parameters except her temperature which was 38.2 degrees Celsius. Venous blood was taken to check haematological, biochemical and coagulation status. Mrs A white cell count (WCC) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were raised, all other blood results were normal. Handing Over Before making a final diagnosis, it is important that differential diagnoses are excluded (Nazarko, 2012). The practitioners differential diagnoses were deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or venous eczema. However, Mrs A had a straightforward history (insect bite) that together with her observations (raised temperature), examination findings (redness, heat, swelling and pain) and blood results (raised WCC and CRP) indicated an alternative diagnosis, so DVT and venous eczema were ruled out. The practitioners working diagnosis was cellulitis. This was discussed with Mrs A and she appeared reassured that a diagnosis had been made. The practitioner explained that she would like to discuss this with a senior Doctor to help decide on a treatment plan. The practitioner presented the patient to an ED Registrar who agreed with the diagnosis. Diagnosis, treatment and prescribing options were then discussed to aid the practitioners learning. Cellulitis is a bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue which is potentially serious (Epstein et al, 2008). It is caused by one or more types of bacteria, most commonly streptococci and staphylococcus aureus (Nazarko, 2012). Cellulitis usually occurs on the lower legs, arms and face but can arise anywhere on the body (Bickley, 2008). Patients with cellulitis present with signs of inflammation, distinctively heat, redness, swelling and pain (Nazarko, 2012). Inflammation is localised initially but increases as the infection progresses. Patients can be systemically unwell (pyrexial, tachycardic, hypotensive) and white cell count and C-reactive protein levels will be markedly raised (Beldon, 2011, Wingfield, 2009, Nazarko, 2012). It appears there is a general lack of evidence based literature surrounding the treatment of patients with cellulitis. The practitioner could only find one national guideline on the management of cellulitis in adults, which was published in 2005 by the Clinical Resource Efficiency Support Team (CREST, 2005). However, to the practitioners knowledge, these have not been validated by a clinical study. Morris, (2008) found in his systematic review that antibiotics cure 50-100% of cases of cellulitis but did not find out which antibiotic regime was most successful. Kilburn et al, (2010) also could not find any definitive conclusions in their Cochrane review on the optimal antibiotics, duration or route of administration. Eron, (2000) devised a classification system for cellulitis and its treatment which CREST used in their guidelines. This system divides people with cellulitis into four classes and can serve as a useful guide to admission and treatment decisions. However Koerner Johnson, (2011) found in their retrospective study, comparing the treatment received with the CREST guidelines, that patients at the mildest end of the spectrum were over treated and at the more severe end undertreated. They also found a significant variation in antibiotic regimes prescribed for patients with cellulitis. Marwick et al, (2011) questioned whether classes I and II could actually be merged to improve treatment. The practitioners trust has antibiotic guidelines (updated yearly) which also include a classification system. This aids the prescriber in choosing the correct antibiotic, dose, route and duration for certain conditions, cellulitis being one of them. After discussion with the Registrar it was determined that Mrs A was in Class I or non-severe which meant she could be managed with oral antibiotics on an outpatient basis. The practitioners trust and CREST, (2005) guidelines advise first line treatment for non-severe or class I cellulitis as oral Flucloxacillin 500mg, three times a day. Flucloxacillin is a moderately narrow-spectrum antibiotic licensed for the treatment of cellulitis. However, Flucloxacillin was contra-indicated for Mrs A as she had a severe penicillin allergy (British National Formulary, (BNF) 2012). Clarithromycin is a macrolide which has an antibacterial spectrum that is similar but not identical to that of penicillin; they are thus an alternative in penicillin-allergic patients (BNF, 2012). Clarithromycin is licensed and recommended by CREST, (2005), and by the practitioners trust, as an alternative to Flucloxacillin in cellulitis for patients with a Penicillin allergy. It is indicated in the BNF, (2012) for the treatment of mild to moderate skin and soft-tissue infections. It demonstrates suitable pharmacokinetics, with good distribution into skin and soft tissues, and is effective against the large majority of staphylococcal and streptococcal bacteria that cause cellulitis (Accord Healthcare Limited, 2012), (See drug monologue page 21-28). There were no contraindications in prescribing Clarithromycin for Mrs A. The option of not having any medication was discussed with Mrs A however, she wanted treatment so the benefits and side effects of Clarithromycin was explained, and consent obtained from Mrs A to prescribe the antibiotics and to be discharged, (NMC Practice Standard 5, 2006). Dose and duration were then also clarified and the importance of taking the antibiotics as prescribed and to complete the full course. On reflection, by discussing and deciding on the best treatment together this would hopefully promote concordance. Negotiating with patients and agreeing on a management plan is very important aspect of reaching patient centred care (Neighbour, 2005). Using an FP10 Clarithromycin tablets 500mg twice a day was prescribed by the Registrar (as the practitioner was not a licensed prescriber, NMC Practice Standard 1, 2006), as per trust guidelines, for 7 days. Paracetamol tablets 1g four times a day was also prescribed for its analgesic and anti-pyretic properties (BNF, 2012). A stat dose of both were prescribed and the practitioner asked the nurse to administer the first dose (NMC Practice Standard 9 14, 2006), and was aware that by delegating this task the prescriber remained accountable. The FP10 was given to the patient to take to the pharmacy of her choice for them to dispense (NMC Practice Standard 10, 2006), (See mock prescription page 29). The practitioner did not initially contemplate cost effectiveness but on reflection it has been recognised that this needs to be taken into consideration when prescribing (NPC, 1999). Intravenous antibiotics may have been prescribed, which may have meant an admission into hospital or administration by nurses on an outpatient basis; thus would have increased the cost of treatment significantly. Admission to hospital can also be overwhelming and can put the patient at risk of hospital acquired infections and increased risk of antibiotic resistance (Wingfield, 2008). Safety Netting The erythematous border was marked, with the patients consent, with permanent pen to monitor for any improvement or additional spread of infection (CREST, 2005, Beldon, 2011). The practitioner advised Mrs A that she should return or see her GP if she had worsening symptoms or if by the completion of the course of antibiotics symptoms had failed to resolve. Mrs A was also advised that, if a similar incident occurred, she should seek medical assistance early so that treatment could begin as soon as possible to reduce the risk of severe and long-term complications. In addition it was recommended that she should drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration, elevate the leg for comfort and to help reduce the swelling (CREST, 2005, Beldon, 2011). Mrs A was warned that there could be an increase in erythema in the first 24-48 hours of treatment (CREST, 2005). This advice and information empowered Mrs A and made sure that her discharge was as safe as possible. The practitioner brought the consultation to a close by asking Mrs A if she had any questions or if there was anything else she would like to discuss. This gave Mrs A the opportunity of clarifying any information given by the practitioner and the opportunity to divulge any information or concerns not previously mentioned. This re-assured the practitioner that she had addressed her problem appropriately. Housekeeping The practitioner made sure there was clear concise documentation of the consultation and choice of prescription in Mrs A notes (NMC Practice Standard 7, 2006). A discharge letter was also produced to send to her GP NMC Practice Standard 6, 2006). Once the prescription was ready, Mrs A was discharged. This case study has shown the practitioner the importance of effective communication in consultation. By following Neighbours consultation checkpoints it gave structure to the consultation and will be used by the practitioner in future practice. It has also helped the practitioner to gain an understanding of different prescribing options and how to explore these further. For example, the practitioner did find when reading around the subject that there has been some research on the use of corticosteroids in cellulitis to increase resolution, however, to the practitioners knowledge, this is not currently advised in any guidelines and further research is needed. The practitioner would also like to be involved in the development of a cellulitis pathway at her place of work. This could include an algorithm to aid practitioners to differential diagnosis so patients can receive appropriate treatment and reduce the incorrect prescribing of antibiotics. As there are no National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines on the treatment and management of cellulitis, treatment of patients is not standardised and consequently quality of care could be affected. The optimal choice for antimicrobial therapy requires review and definitive study in clinical trials. References Accord Healthcare Limited (2012) Summary of Product Characteristics for Clarithromycin Capsules 500mg. [online]. Electronic Medicines Compendium. Datapharm Communications Ltd. Available from: http://www.medicines.org.uk/EMC/medicine/25914/SPC/Clarithromycin+500mg+Tablets/ [Accessed 21ST September 2012] Byrne, P. Long, B. (1976) Doctors Talking to Patients. London, HMSO. Baird, A. (2004) The Consultation. Nurse Prescriber. (1) 3: 1-4 British National Formulary: No. 64 (2012) London: BMJ Group and Pharmaceutical Press. Bickley, L. (2008) Bates Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking. 6th Ed. London: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. Beldon, P. (2011) The Assessment, Diagnosis and Treatment of Cellulitis. Wound Essentials. (6): 60-68. Clinical Research Efficiency Support Team (2005) Guidelines on the Management of Cellulitis in Adults. Belfast: Clinical Research Efficiency Support Team. Charlton, R. (2006) Learning to Consult. Abingdon: Radcliffe. Department of Health (1999) Review Of Prescribing, Supply And Administration Of Medicines. (The Crown Report) London: HMSO. Epstein, O. Perkin, G. Cookson, J. De Bono, D. (2008) Clinical Examination. 4th Ed. London: Mosby. Eron, L. (2000) Infections of Skin and Soft Tissues: Outcome of A Classification Scheme. Clinical Infectious Diseases. (31) 287 Frankel, R. Quill, T. McDaniel, S. (2003) The Biopsychosocial Approach: Past, Present, and Future. Rochester: University Of Rochester Press. Gask L, Usherwood, T. (2002) ABC of Psychological Medicine: The Consultation. British Medical Journal (324) 7353: 1567-1569. Horrocks, S. Anderson, E. Salisbury, C. (2002) Systematic Review of Whether Nurse Practitioners Working in Primary Care Can Provide Equivalent Care to Doctors. British Medical Journal. (324) 7341: 819-823. Jarvis, C. (2008) Physical Examination and Health Assessment. 5th Ed. Missouri: Saunders Elsevier. Jennings, N., Lee, G., Chao, K., Keating, S. 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Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) The Code: Standards of Conduct, Performance and Ethics for Nurses and Midwives. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council. Pendleton, D. Schofield, T. Tate, P. Havelock, P. (1984) The Consultation: An Approach to Learning and Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Silverman, J. Kurtz, S. Draper, J. (2005) Skills for Communicating with Patients. 2ND Ed. Oxford: Radcliffe. Silverman, J. Kinnersley, P. (2010) Doctors Non-Verbal Behaviour in Consultations: Look at the Patient Before You Look at The Computer. British Journal of General Practice. (60): 76-8. Simon, C. (2009) The Consultation. InnovAiT (2) 2: 113-121. [online] Available at http://rcgp-innovait.oxfordjournals.org/content/2/2/113.full. [Accessed 13th September 2012] Stott, N. Davis, R. (1979) The Exceptional Potential in Each Primary Care Consultation. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. (29): 201-5. Wingfield, C. (2009) Lower Limb Cellulitis: A Dermatological Perspective. Wounds UK. (5) 2: 26-36. Wingfield, C. (2008) Cellulitis: Reduction of Associated Hospital Admissions. Dermatological Nurse 7(2): 44-50. Wilson, A. Shifaza, F. (2008) An Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Acceptability of Nurse Practitioners in an Adult Emergency Department. International Journal of Nursing Practice. (14): 149-156. Young, K. Duggan, L. Franklin, P. (2009) Effective Consulting and History-Taking Skills for Prescribing Practice. British Journal of Nursing. (18) 17: 1056-1061. Drug Monologue. Name of Drug Clarithromycin Drug Classification Macrolide Therapeutic Uses(s) Clarithromycin film-coated tablets are indicated in adults and adolescents 12 years and older for the treatment of the following bacterial infections, when caused by clarithromycin-susceptible bacteria. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Mild to moderate community acquired pneumonia. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Acute bacterial sinusitis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Bacterial pharyngitis. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Skin infections and soft tissue infections of mild to moderate severity, such as folliculitis, cellulitis and erysipelas Clarithromycin film-coated tablets can also be used in appropriate combination with antibacterial therapeutic regimens and an appropriate ulcer healing agent for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients with Helicobacter pylori associated ulcers Dose range and route(s) of administration Adults and adolescents (12 years and older) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Standard dosage: The usual dose is 250 mg twice daily. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High dosage treatment (severe infections): The usual dose may be increased to 500 mg twice daily in severe infections. Children younger than 12 years: Use of Clarithromycin film-coated tablets is not recommended for children younger than 12 years. Use Clarithromycin paediatric suspensions. Clinical trials have been conducted using clarithromycin pediatric suspension in children 6 months to 12 years of age. Elderly: As for adults Dosage in renal functional impairment: The maximum recommended dosages should be reduced proportionately to renal impairment. In patients with renal impairment with creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min, the dosage of clarithromycin should be reduced by one-half, i.e. 250 mg once daily, or 250 mg twice daily in more severe infections. Treatment should not be continued beyond 14 days in these patients. Patients with hepatic impairment: Caution should be exercised when administrating clarithromycin in patients with hepatic impairment Administered orally. Pharmacodynamics Mode of Action Clarithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin A. It exerts its antibacterial action by binding to the 50s ribosomal sub-unit of susceptible bacteria and suppresses protein synthesis. It is highly potent against a wide variety of aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. The 14-hydroxy metabolite of clarithromycin also has antimicrobial activity. The MICs of this metabolite are equal or two-fold higher than the MICs of the parent compound, except for H. influenzae where the 14-hydroxy metabolite is two-fold more active than the parent compound. Side Effects Dyspepsia, tooth and tongue discoloration, smell and taste disturbances, stomatitis, glossitis, and headache; less commonly: arthralgia and myalgia; rarely: tinnitus; very rarely: dizziness, insomnia, nightmares, anxiety, confusion, psychosis, paraesthesia, convulsions, hypoglycemia, renal failure, interstitial nephritis, leucopenia, and thrombocytopenia Interactions Aprepitant Clarithromycin possibly increases plasma concentration of aprepitant Atazanavir Plasma concentration of both drugs increased when Clarithromycin given with atazanavir. Atorvastatin Clarithromycin increases plasma concentration of atorvastatin. Cabazitaxel Avoidance of clarithromycin advised by manufacturer of cabazitaxel. Calcium-channel Blockers Clarithromycin possibly inhibits metabolism of calcium-channel blockers (increased risk of side-effects). Carbamazepine Clarithromycin increases plasma concentration of carbamazepine. Ciclosporin Clarithromycin inhibits metabolism of ciclosporin (increased plasma concentration). Colchicine Clarithromycin possibly increases risk of colchicine toxicity-suspend or reduce dose of colchicine (avoid concomitant use in hepatic or renal impairment). Coumarins Clarithromycin enhances anticoagulant effect of coumarins. Disopyramide Clarithromycin possibly increases plasma concentration of disopyramide (increased risk of toxicity). Dronedarone Avoidance of clarithromycin advised by manufacturer of dronedarone (risk of ventricular arrhythmias). Efavirenz Increased risk

Buick and Budweiser- Selling Success and Patriotism :: Media Advertising Essays

Buick and Budweiser- Selling Success and Patriotism Television commercials go beyond merely informing consumers about products or services: these advertisements sell their abstract ideas that tend to be valued in American society, such as success and patriotism. Two examples are outstanding commercials produced by the car manufacturer General Motors for their Buick cars, and the brewery Anheuser-Bush for their beer, Budweiser. While David Barry, in his essay, â€Å"Red, White, and Beer,† humorously describes the connection between commercials and values, Rita Dove and Marie Winn, in â€Å"Loose Ends† and â€Å"Television Addiction† respectively, are about an addiction to television and how television creates unbelievable ideal of a reality. Analyses of these two television advertisements, not only make a connection between their products or services and the abstract ideas of success and patriotism, but in the process, also sell the ideas as important American values in a powerful manner accomplished only b y television, because of people’s addiction to it. The General Motor’s car commercial features the professional golfer, Tiger Woods, on the golf course. He makes golf shots that seem impossible such as making a shot from a suspended bridge. Also, he is surrounded by famous people. While he is making these amazing golf shots, there is always a Buick vehicle at the background, and in some cases, Tiger Woods uses a Buick as a golf cart. The commercial has no plot, however, the visuals are stunning and the Buick is always prominently displayed in the picture. The fame of Tiger Woods is highlighted through the class of the car he drives as well as the seemingly impossible golf shots he makes with little effort. On the other hand, the Budweiser commercial features a donkey that is disheartened as he can not be a part of the elegant, beautiful Clydesdale horses which are the mascots for Budweiser. Determined, the donkey practices by pulling a cart with beer, prancing about, and changing his appearance. Finally, he comes before a group of Clydesdale horses to be interviewed; however, he â€Å"he-haws† like a donkey and thus thinks that he will be rejected. Despite his fears, he is accepted as a Clydesdale. These two humorous and classy commercials are aimed at selling cars and beer, in an unrealistic manner; however, they go beyond product marketing to selling the values of success and patriotism in an unrealistic manner too.

Anxiety disorders :: essays research papers

Anxiety disorders are the most common psychological disorders in the United States. There are four different types of anxiety disorders: phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Anxiety is an unpleasant feeling of fear and apprehension. Phobias are irrational fears of an object or a situation that is not likely to be dangerous. Phobias cause disruption in one’s ability to carry out day-to-day functions. Most people have suffer from phobias are afraid of certain things. Agoraphobia is the fear being away from a safe place, mostly home. Specific phobia is the most common; this is a fear of a certain thing. Social phobias are less common, they deal with other people. People suffering from social phobias are extremely shy. Panic disorder is characterized by sudden attacks of severe anxiety that can incapacitate a person for about ten minutes. Symptoms are sweating, heart palpitations, insomnia and shortness of breath People who have panic disorders feel that they are always in bad health and go to the doctor often. 20% of people suffering from panic disorders have attempted suicide. Generalized anxiety disorder is a continuous anxiety lasting a month or more. People with this disorder feel anxious, worried and are preoccupied with feelings of doom. A person suffering from generalized anxiety disorder tends to worry about everything. They have a great deal of stress and have a difficult time relaxing. Obsessive-Compulsive disorder is persistent, unwanted thoughts, which lead to repetitive actions. A good example of this would be someone who has a certain routine every time they leave the house. This could be checking to see if the ovens are off a certain number of times or continuously washing their hands.

Determinist Theory Essay -- Psychology, Behavior, Urbanism

Determinist Theory: predicts that the behaviors and characteristics that people show are mediated by â€Å"urbanism,† or example delinquency seem as a consequence due to the negative exposure to urban environments. Wirth's essay â€Å"Urbanism as a Way of Life† studied the social disorganization of the urban life also known as â€Å"community lost perspective.†Although Wirth argues that life in the city is goal oriented, anomic and segmented, other theories argue that â€Å"urbanism† does affects social behavior but there is not proof that â€Å"urbanism† causes mental health, and isolation (152-153). Compositional Theory: this theory examines multiple ways of urban life, it discusses the impact that â€Å"urbanism† has on kinship ethnicity, neighbor relations and occupation behaviors in urban areas. According to the theory the composition of the group is what matters , each area or every group have their own moral codes, and rules of behavior. Gans states that people are influence more by the nature of their community and/or group than by the density , size or heterogeneity , the Chicago School called this the :mosaic of social worlds.† This theory is similar to the subcultural theory (153-154). Subcultural theory: According to Fischer this theory attempts to deal with social problems and how relative is space is to individual actions and the value of their group. Fischer states that macro-structure of the urban society shapes the social world and forms subcultures (154). How do they (theories) help you understand the development of cities? The physical complex of a city will transformed the social constructions of a city. As a city grows so does the behavior of the citizens of such city. The constructors of cities usually promotes an open space whet... ...reality is that they were escaping from the city overpopulation, traffic congestion and problems such as poverty and crime. With the emergence of suburbia, the white affluent people benefited from the amenities that both the country and city offered them. Although things are changing from and people claimed that segregation has ended, there is still segregation of groups. I hope to see one day that there are no differences between social classes, races, ethnicity, or religions, I hope to see a world where every citizen has the same rights. A world where people do not have to die of hunger or because they did not have health care. To achieve that everyone has to get involved in the planning and development of cities, to build a more community oriented city where the beneficiaries are those who form the communities, and not the government or the big corporation.

Bio Sketch Eminem

Phase 5 Individual Final Project Case Study of Marshall Bruce Mathers III (aka Eminem) Colorado Technical University Online Abstract Marshall Bruce Mathers III also known as Enimem is not only a rapper, record producer, actor, and Grammy award winner but also one of the most controversial and bestselling artists of the 21st century. (Eminem 2012) In this paper I have included a bio-sketch of his life from birth to his current day success. I have also provided a psychological explanation, in my opinion, of his behaviors using the behaviorist perspective as well as a comparison of those behaviors utilizing the humanistic theory.Additionally I have included a detailed outlook on Eminem’s upbringing using Erik Erikson’s human development theory, Lawrence Kohlberg’s foundational theory, Abraham Maslow’s theory of motivation-hierarchy of needs, and David McClelland’s three needs theory. To conclude this paper I will discuss how understanding human behavio r through the use of psychological behaviors is very useful. Biosketch of Marshall Mathers â€Å"Eminem† Marshall Bruce Mathers III later known as Eminem was born October 17, 1972 in St. Joseph Missouri. His mother, Deborah Mathers was only 15 at the time he was born.Deborah raised Marshall alone due to his father Marshal Mathers Jr. abandoning the family when Eminem was eighteen months old. (Eminem) Deborah rarely maintained employment for longer than a few months at a time. Deborah’s lack of stable employment caused the family to move multiple times between Missouri and Michigan. Due to the constant relocation and instability in his life Marshall spent much of his childhood living in subsidized housing projects In his biography Marshal states â€Å"I would change schools two or three times a year.That was probably the roughest part of it all,† (Eminem) The lifestyle he was forced to live left him feeling like an outcast, having no friends, keeping to himself, and constantly being beaten up at school. The abuse by his school mates along with his own mother abusing him left a large negative impact on his life. At age seventeen Eminem attended Lincoln High School in Warren Michigan. (Eminem) Even with his wide vocabulary range and habit of reading the dictionary for fun he struggled with the educational atmosphere and dropped out of school.Eminem stated, â€Å"I don’t feel that I am stupid but school just wasn’t for me. † ( Reece2012) His passion for rap started at the young age of four, beginning with rhyming words and battling his schoolmates in the lunch room. However he did not become serious about rapping until he was fourteen and later when making a name for him-self at the age of seventeen. (Reece 2012)Eminem explains that his biggest challenge was the constant rejection from the other rappers because of the color of his skin. This rejection caused even more anger to build up and eventually flow through his music later on in his career.Despite his reoccurring failure at rap battles and poor radio show appearances Eminem released his first album titled Infinite in 1999. (Reece 2012) The album sold less than 1,000 copies and did not make a profit. However, this was still the first hugely important step needed for the millions of dollars he would make during his career. After selling his first record the next life changing event occurred. On December 25, 1995 Eminem and his longtime girlfriend Kim Scott welcomed their daughter into the world naming her Hailey Jade Scott. Reece 2012) Despite Eminem’s new daughter being born he kept pushing his rapping career. During this time in his life he made many attempts to make a name for himself, but he continuously failed and eventually had nothing. The trials and tribulations he went through revealed themselves t loudly in the form of outrage during a rap battle in 1997. Eminem lasted an hour in this battle, throwing down every race card he was given earning him second place losing only because of one minor slip up.Furious at the feeling of failure once again he failed to notice that in the audience there were producers from Interscope Records. Producer Dr. Dre from Intersope eventually caught up with Eminem and signed him on the spot. (Eminem) In 1999 Eminem released The Slim Shady LP album making him an instant success and selling over three million copies. His music was comprised of childish humor, energy, profanity, and violence. Eminem’s lyrics often referenced his personal views on life and his with other people including his mother and wife Kim Mathers, which he later divorced.Even though many people view his music as profane, violent, drug promoting, and homophobic Eminem went on to release his next album titled The Mashall Mather’s LP released May 2000. This album went on to sale over 19 million copies and earned him a Grammy Award for Best Rap Album in 2001. Along with a Grammy this album is conside red to be among the greatest rap albums of all time. (Eminem) In 2007 after years of success Eminem nearly died from a drug overdose. Family problems, drugs, alcohol, and the loss of his daughter in a custody battle kept him from recording music until 2009.In late 2009 he announced that he had gone to rehab and produced the album Relapse. In 2010 Eminem released an album called Recovery. Both of these albums were auto-biographical albums relating to his addiction experiences bringing him back to mainstream rap. (Eminem) Eminem recently stated, â€Å"I started learning how to not be angry about things, learning to count my fucking blessings instead. By doing that, I’ve become a happier person. † (Eminem) I have chosen to focus on and investigate why Eminem focused on negative concepts throughout his music career.I think that he is an excellent example to why behavioristic perspective makes since. As I mentioned in the biographic sketch Eminem was constantly bounced arou nd, never having stability because he was raised by an abusive mother. He was placed into many situations where he was beaten, cussed at, and ridiculed for reasons beyond his control. Eminem was also forced to grow up in mostly poverty ridden housing projects that ran rampant with drugs, guns, and violence. I believe that because he grew up pretty much with the previously mentioned issues the behavior and norm for him was learned and often times came through in his music.In a lot of his songs he discusses that he is angry with his mother often times referring to her in a vulgar manner. In his song Puke he refers to his ex-wife and not wanting to be around her because she is disgusting and ridicules her. In the song I’m Sorry Mama he references to his childhood and being a failure and later talks as though he is happy his mother is dead. The second behavior I feel is learned is his addiction problem. Through song lyrics Eminem accuses his mother of being addicted to prescripti on drugs.He was raised in poverty ridden areas where drugs were very prevalent. He grew up seeing drugs as a way to cope and deal with life, and this environment made a lasting impression on him. In 2006 his career tapered down and he went through a divorce. At this point he reverted back to the behavior that he learned growing up; using drugs and alcohol are acceptable ways to cope. His music after his overdose reflects his new learned behavior and ideas from rehab. The next part of my case study focuses on Eminem’s motivations and development throughout his life.This is analyzed using Erik Erikson’s human development theory, Lawrence Kohlberg’s foundational theory, Abraham Maslow’s theory of motivation-hierarchy of needs, and David McClelland’s three needs theory. According to Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development stage one is: Trust Versus Mistrust. This stage lasts from birth until eighteen months of age and is the crucial ti me frame that a child develops an attachment to a caregiver. (Editorial 95-97)I believe that Eminem did not have his needs met in this stage. His father was in and out of his life for most of this time period.Because of his absence Eminem did not develop a connection or attachment with his father. Although Eminem was living with and being raised by his mother there was a lack of trust/ attachment with her as well. At the time of Eminem’s birth Deborah was fifteen years old and using drugs. (Eminem) I believe that Deborah was stuck in Erikson’s fifth stage which is Identity versus Role Confusion. Being stuck in this stage made it difficult for her to give Eminem the tools necessary to have trust and an attachment to her. As Eminem got a little older he fell into Erikson’s third stage of Initiative versus which is Guilt.During this stage children begin to develop mental and physical activities that develop self-confidence. (Editorial 95-97) Eminem struggled with t his stage. He moved from school to school and he was picked on and abused. At this time he was also living in an abusive home. The abuse from school and home injured Eminem’s confidence and often made him feel alone and like an outcast. (Eminem) According to Eminem the only way he had of showing he had some confidence was by challenging rap battles starting at the age of four in the lunch room at school. Reece 2012) Although the battles in the lunch room may not have been the most appropriate way to obtain confidence it was how Eminem managed to make his way through this stage. Stage four is Competence versus Inferiority, also known as Industry versus Inferiority. This stage is when children develop social and intellectual skills, and become confident in their talents and competencies. (Editorial 95-97) Eminem excelled in this stage. It was during this stage that Eminem failed out of school and began focusing on his rapping career. Eminem endured the feeling of excessive fail ure and was often criticized for being white.His relationship with his mother during this stage was poor because of her constant ridicule of him for dropping out of school and pursuing a career in rap music. (Reece 2012) Even with the lack of support he pushed through and eventually he was recognized in 1977 by producer Dr. Dre. This recognition was a large part of why Eminem was able to complete this stage. Eminem had finally made a name for him-self and began to recognize and embrace who he actually was. This occurred in stage five of Erikson’s theory which is Identity versus Role Confusion.Eminem utilized this time to recognize what he had gone through in his life growing up. During this stage he raps about his life in many of his songs and is able to understand and explain why he is the way he is. It was also during this time that the role in life he played as â€Å"Marshall Mathers† was now non-existent. Eminem was now identified as a leading musician; and he was comfortable with this life and persona he had created for himself. According to Lawrence Kohlberg his theory of Moral development can be broken down into three levels and seven stages.Kohlberg believed that people functioning at lower levels of his theory are motivated by self-interest. (Editorial100-101) While Eminem is a smart individual the behaviors that he displayed for much of his life would have placed him in the first level of Kohlberg’s theory. Kohlberg believes that level one stage one is that children base decisions on seeking pleasure and avoiding pain or getting caught. Stage two is the cost benefit stage in which one acts out morally to get an award. (Editorial 100-101) Eminem is known as one of the most controversial artists in the 21st century.He seeks out pleasures by pushing limits in his songs that are against most people’s moral beliefs. He often acts in a manner that may not be acceptable, but often times got him rewarded. Eminem does not meet the criteria for level two or three of Kohlberg’s theory. Eminem doesn’t behave morally. He embraces and works off criticism rather than trying to avoid it. Eminem is far from meeting the stage three requirements of Kohlberg’s theory. He is still promoting violence, drugs, and alcohol; and his morals are not even close to what modern day society accepts as appropriate.Finishing up with Eminem’s adulthood it is best described by Erikson’s sixth stage which is Intimacy versus Isolation. By age thirty-five Eminem had been married and divorced twice to the same woman. Eminem lives the typical party life of sex with multiple women, drugs, alcohol, and, not much concern for other individuals or relationships. Even though Eminem has not led the perfect life he has remained proud of his daughter and career. Eminem was still releasing music as recent as 2010 and currently working in studios for a new album that he will be releasing later at no specific date.He continues to be just as widely known by today’s youth as he was when he originally debuted. Eminem clearly had some type of motivation which leads me to Abraham Maslow’s theory of motivation. I believe that Eminem strived to reach the Esteem Needs of Maslow’s pyramid. The Esteem Needs level he is in causes him to feel that he belongs and has a degree of importance. Recognition, attention, social status, and accomplishment are all motivators to reach this point. (Maslow) Eminem lacked a lot of these characteristics as a child and now he has fame from billions of fans.He is recognized by all races as being a brilliant rap artist and has accomplished his dream of being a musician. I believe that he made gaining recognition and fame so important that he skipped the safety needs stage. He used what little money he had on recording songs and going to rap battles instead of using it on food and a safe place to live. According to David McCelland’s theory of three needs Eminem’s motivations become clearer. Eminem had a huge need and want to succeed in rapping. Rapping was something he wanted bad enough that he pushed through a lot of hardships to obtain.The second part of McClelland’s theory is affiliation. Affiliation according to McCelland is the need for human interaction and positive relationships with others. (Editorial 184) This was not a motivation for Eminem; Eminem’s relationships were damaged as his career grew. For example, putting his mom’s past behaviors out for the public to hear or talking poorly about his daughter’s mom in the lyrics he raps. The third motivation which was power was definitely one of Eminem’s biggest motivations. Eminem uses his music to impact others with his bizarre lyrics and tales of a terrible life.He also had established the power to make people understand that just because he was white he still lived in poverty and became a rap star, and most importantly he got his life story told. Reflecting back on the behavioristic perspective I still find it to be true that most of his behaviors were learned. Eminem’s mother was undereducated and addicted to drugs. Because she was undereducated she like Eminem did not progress through the important stages of Erikson’s theory. How can it be expected for Eminem to go through all the stages when he was raised in a fashion of where the proper guidance was non-existent?Secondly in Maslow’s theory of Hierarchy needs a person should have their physiological needs met first, then safety, and then social needs. (Maslow) Eminem’s mother fell short in this area as well. Her concern to keep him safe and have a since of security were less than her need to socialize and be accepted by others. This seems to be the path that Eminem followed her example with. In phase one I focused on the behavioral perspective and analyzed Eminem’s need to have negative concepts throughout his music , and his addiction to drugs and alcohol.In this section of my case study I will analyze these same two behaviors. However in this section of my paper I will be using the humanistic theory. The humanistic theory explains the human behavior as based on the basic goodness of the person, rather than more biologically or socially mechanistic models. The humanistic theory explains that behaviors are a combination of here and now responsibility, worth and self-improvement. (Editorial 202) First I want to address Eminem’s constant use of negative lyrics that often refer to his past.As part of the humanistic approach Abraham Maslow created the hierarchy of needs theory. Maslow explains that the lowest level of needs is the physiological needs category. Eminem struggled with having his basic needs met as a child mainly because of the poor living conditions and because his mother did not provide for him. Eminem struggled with the next two levels of Maslow’s hierarchy safety need s and sense of belonging as well because the lack of safety and protection and sense of being loved during his childhood. Eminem managed to make it through his life and eventually made it to the fourth level of needs.The fourth level is his self-esteem; although he was now famous his self-esteem was is still pretty low. He valued the need to have self-worth and often got self-worth by building himself up and by using other’s flaws such as his mother’s to make himself look and feel better. He also did this to make it more obvious to others that he was forced to overcome obstacles in his life. This theory when applied to Eminem’s life is much different than the behavioristic theory outcome which showed his behaviors were learned from being in the environment he was raised in.However, the humanistic approach shows that he chose these behaviors because of the events that occurred in his life. His anger was not learned but was an outcome of the things he has gone thr ough throughout his life. The second behavior to look at is his drug and alcohol addiction. The humanistic theory explains the drug and alcohol addiction as a way for Eminem to increase his self-esteem. He could have also used his addictions to replace the lack of love and sense of belonging he felt throughout his life. He essentially used his addiction as a way to cope with the basic essential needs that were never met in his life.The humanistic approach explains his addiction as a filler in the needs hierarchy, something to give him what he lacks. He didn’t have love or the feeling of being needed; the alcohol took away that feeling and replaced it with another happy or high feeling. This is also very different from the behavioral aspect that showed he gained this behavior from learning it from is mom and or environment he grew up in. Either way you look at it from the behavioral approach or the humanistic approach you will get the same result. Eminem’s behaviors occ ur directly from events in his past.This is very helpful when explaining why he is the way he is, because it gives concrete reasons and not excuses for his behaviors. Psychological theories don’t leave much room for assumption which cuts out misunderstandings. Without the theories one may simply think that Eminem is controversial for the simple sake of wanting attention. I have learned a lot by breaking down Eminems’s life story and analyzing it. I learned that some of the behaviors we learn as children are instilled in us whether we realize it or not. I used to think that the saying,† It’s all I know† was an excuse.Looking further into the behaviors and matching them with different stages of Eminem’s life has given me a better understanding. This is definitely something that I can use while working with troubled youth at my current job. I also have learned that even if your life doesn’t follow the correct stages or theories motivations can make the world of difference. Eminem did not live the perfect life and did a lot of things out of order but he was motivated enough to succeed in what he wanted. All the theories are very helpful but still leave room for alterations.I guess it is life’s learning manual as best as you can get Now to reflect back on all of Eminem’s behaviors and the different theories I have used to break down his life and personality I will discuss whether his behaviors are normal or abnormal. Normal behaviors are defined as the behaviors, attitudes, and approaches to life expected for a given society. Abnormal behaviors are defined as the thoughts and behaviors that stand outside of what is expected for a given society. (Editorial 2011) Eminem clearly displays abnormal behaviors. Eminem shows behaviors that we as an American society tend to frown upon.He is very vulgar and publicly projects his thoughts of encouraging violence and alcohol through the use of his music. Eminem also tends to represent the â€Å"thug life† mentality dancing around sagging his pants, swearing, and promoting the use of drugs and violence during his concerts. Proper normal American behavior is very much against how Eminem behaves. Normal behaviors for American culture are hardworking, respectful, polite, and dignified conversation. Society often associates behaviors like Eminem’s as a representation of an under educated criminal.I believe that Eminem’s behaviors can be attributed to his past. According to the Psychoanalytic Perspective a person’s psychological disorders stem from unresolved childhood issues pertaining to sex drive and aggression; deals with subconscious impulses and influences on conscious thought and behavior. (Editoral 2011) Eminem has multiple childhood issues that deal with aggression, his impulses, influences and sex drive. He was abused and built the aggression towards others. He was very impulsive which I feel he learned from his mother constantly moving them around at the spur of the moment.He also growing up had a huge lack of love from his mother and very little female attention which can contribute to his need for affection as an adult creating a very unhealthy sex drive. My feelings on the use of case studies are still split. One of the big advantages of case studies is that you can determine a person’s personality, behaviors and social acceptance based off of theories that have already been made all you have to do is analyze and place them where you see fit. A disadvantage of the case study method would be that it is based off of one’s own thoughts and perspective hich leaves a lot of room questions and speculation. As I have been working week to week and reviewing the different theories I have learned a lot. I learned that that has been an influence from somewhere whether it be from a person’s environment or by simply having being born to a particular family (genetics) that a pers on’s behaviors can usually be directly linked. I have truly learned that the best way to understand someone is to put your-self into their shoes. Look at where they were brought up, family characteristics and traits they inherited. Psychology plays a massive part especially in my workplace.I work in an environment that is meant to help troubled youth become productive members of society. We focus on helping them obtain normal behaviors to make it in society. Now that I have a better understanding of why these youth make the choices that they do I have the necessary tools to help them in a more direct manner instead of guessing. For example, if I know that a kid has been moved from foster home to foster home because their mother or father was on drugs I can place them into one of the theories such as Maslow’s hierarchy and break down the behaviors and life events that they need to work through.I have also learned that there is probably a reason for the kids to act out s imply out of the thrill of being bad. I will continue to study psychology so that I may further my career with a better understanding. I also just simply find it to be very interesting to understand how a person’s brain works and affects their everyday life. Also by studying psychology I have a better understanding of myself. I see what my personality profile is and am more aware of how other people may perceive me.It also has opened my mind to be able to understand others in a more efficient way. I will apply the knowledge I have learned in this course and have already begun to do so in my career. I have a better understanding of the clientele I work with and will continue to expand on what I have learned. The final part of my paper focuses on the statement â€Å"You can’t understand others unless you understand yourself. † I still struggle with completely understanding myself and why I may or may not be the way I am. Although I an place myself into different t heories and it makes since there are still some open questions I have. I used the MBTI test and it made it a little clearer as to why I tend to gravitate to some other personality types. Since I know why I get along better with some people it also opened my eyes to understand why others may get along with each other for example bully kids and scape goat kids tend to stick to others that are like them. I see it in my particular workplace that quite often as a team builder amongst staff where we are required to learn each other’s personality.As adults in a working environment it helps us focus on learning each other better and lowers the amount of personal issues that we as a company have. I also feel that understanding other’s behaviors and personalities is helpful because you better understand who may be more suitable for a particular duty that needs done. I think that this course would be a valuable learning tool to everyone that works in the environment I work in. As a life skills trainer to troubled youth we are supposed to help them understand why they do what they do.How are we supposed to really be able to completely and fully help them if we can’t clearly explain it to them or ourselves why the behaviors they have are fixable or why they have them in the first place. As an addition to what training responsibilities I already have with staff at work I will be implementing that they learn some of these theories we explored. I also have already begun to use the personality type test to bring staff together as a starting learning experience for them to understand who they work with and the benefits of utilizing each other’s strong personality attributes.References Eminem. (2012) Biography. com. Retrieved 03:12, August 23, 2012 from http://www. biography. com/people/eminem-9542093 Eminem. Reece, Rod. (2012) Retrieved 03:25, August 23, 2012 from http://www. imdb. com/name/nm0004896/bio Editorial Board(2011) Introduction to Psycholo gy, Electronic Version. Pgs 95-97,100-101,184. Words of Wisdom LLC. Retrieved from course smart solutions database. Maslow’s Theory of Motivation(2012) Retrieved 01:51, August 30,2012. From http:www. envisionsoftware. com/articles/Masolw_Needs_Hierarchy